Sliding spark

Golloch et al. [152,153] first described the use of the sliding spark source (SSS) for the analytical detection of... 

Figure 8.4 Reproducibility of sliding spark emission spectra taken at different sites on the surface of an ABS sample containing Cd and Zn. A Zn I 213.86 nm B Cd II 214.44 nm C Cd II 226.50 nm D C III 229.68 nm E Cd I 228.80 nm. After Golloch and Siegmund [154]. Reproduced from A. Golloch and D. Siegmund, Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem., 358, 804-811 (1997), by permission of Springer-Verlag, Copyright (1997)...

In order to validate sliding spark spectrometry results, plastic material was collected and the element concentration was determined via AAS after digestion. The samples were used as calibration standards. Additional standards were obtained by manufacturing known amounts of additives in the polymer matrix. Calibrations were made for Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Sb, Si and Ti in chlorine-free polymers Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Pb, Sn, Ti, Zn in PVC chlorine (as PVC) and bromine in polyurethane (PUR). A calibration curve for Br as a flame retardant in PUR is shown in Figure 8.5. 

SS-AES Sliding spark-source atomic emission spectrometry... 

Several techniques have been developed to rapidly identify additives in plastics as part of an overall plastics recycling operation. Some techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) can combine resin identification with information of the presence or absence of additives such as flame retardants or talc fillers [49, 62, 65]. The sliding spark technique developed at the University of Duisburg in Germany can identify a range of heavy metals along with the type of resin [68, 69]. 

Other spectrometry technologies include sliding spark (AGR and the University of Duisberg, Germany), identifying a wide range of plastics and additives, and laser-induced emission (LIESA), by Krupp, the University of Kaiserslautern, and BASF Magnetics. 

Barakat et al. [8] have photographed the Pd III spectrum emitted by a sliding spark in the 450 to 2300 A region with a 6.65 m normal incidence vacuum spectrograph. They have found all the missing levels of the 4d , 4d 5s, and 4d 5p configurations with the aid of Hartree-Fock and parametric calculations and listed 326 newly classified lines between 611 and 2285 A. 

The spectra of Pd IV, Pd V, and Pd VI have been obtained by van Kleef and coworkers [1 to 4] with a sliding spark under various conditions of excitation. They have used the same normal incidence spectrograph for Pd IV as for Pd III and a 6.6 m grazing incidence spectrograph for Pd V and Pd VI. Parametric studies of the configurations Involved in these spectra have been performed and transition probabilities have been calculated but not published [1 to 4]. 

Kaufman and Sugar used sliding sparks and triggered sparks to get the spectra of Os IX, Ir X, and Pt XI. The ground state involves only closed subshells 4f 5s 5p Sq and the number of resonance lines observed respectively in the three spectra is 13, 11, and 7. All known energy levels are collected In Table 2/109. 

All electrical connections through the screen-wires and chronograph having been established, the left-hand end-piece of the explosion-tube was removed (by sliding it downwards) and the mixture ignited at the now open end by passing an induction-coil spark at A.2... 

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