Single turn over number

The onset of the ATP synthesis in chloroplasts depends on the activation of the ATPase (Mills, J.D. et al., 1980) and on the energy balance (Graber, P., Schlodder, E, (1980). Girault, G., Galmiche, J.M. (1978) have prepared, from preilluminated leaves, chloroplasts which hydrolyze ATP in the dark and keep this property quite a long time. We propose to follow the synthesis of ATP induced by single turnover flashes in such chloroplasts with a fully active ATPase system as a function of the number of flashes already fired. In those chloroplasts the synthesis of ATP, induced by single turn-over flashes, is controlled by the pH difference across the thylakoid membrane and by kinetic factors which do not seen, to be directly related either to the proton motive force across the membrane or to the hydrolytic activity of the ATPase system. 

Given the total number of times all the circulating coins of one denomination turn over, we can arrive at the average number of times a single coin turns over, or, in other words, the average velocity of circulation of money. 

Radical chain reactions, as well as homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic cycles, may be pictured as kinetically self-assembled systems. Their improbable practical success can be perceived as the effect of kinetic coupling between a large number of elementary steps that help each other in turning over single or linked catalytic cycles, thanks to the kinetic steady state. 

The overall rate constant for conversion of the E S complex to products E -I- P is called the turnover number because it represents the number of substrate molecules a single enzyme molecule turns over into product per unit time. A value of about 10 per second is typical. 

If then the single mass occupies the bottom of the bottle, one again subdivisides it by reversals if it occupies the top of the liquid, one adds a little alcohol, then one turns over in the same way several times the bottle, but with great precaution, in order not to divide the mass or to separate it only in a very small number of parts, and it arranges itself in such a manner that it still ends up going down slowly at the bottom, after which one subdivides it, like previously, in small spherules which one again lets meet finally one adjusts the densities so that the mass does not express any more a tendency pronounced to go up or to go down. 

Equation (1) can be viewed in an over-simplistic manner and it might be assumed that it would be relatively easy to calculate the retention volume of a solute from the distribution coefficient, which, in turn, could be calculated from a knowledge of the standard enthalpy and standard entropy of distribution. Unfortunately, these properties of a distribution system are bulk properties. They represent, in a single measurement, the net effect of a large number of different types of molecular interactions which, individually, are almost impossible to separately identify and assess quantitatively. 

The average structure is defined at the microscopic (near atomic) scale and represented by a unit cell that when repeated over an essentially infinite number of atomic distances generates microscopic crystallites, which in turn comprise macroscopic single crystals, polycrystalline aggregates, or powders. 

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