Single impulse

Table 18.11 Protective characteristics of a gapless station class surge arrester for, (1) Line discharge class 4, and (2) Single impulse energy capability = 7 k.J/k.V,...

Another type of effector is the ion channel of an excitable membrane, which in its R (open) conformation allows the passage of about 10,000-20,000 ions in a single impulse, resulting in either membrane depolarization or polarization and a multitude of possible physiological phenomena. 

Rooms may contain a large number of sources with different positions and directivity patterns, each producing an independent signal. The reverberation created in a concert hall by a symphony orchestra cannot be characterized by a single impulse response. Fortunately, the statistical properties of late reverberation do not change significantly as a function of position. Thus, a point to point impulse response does characterize the late reverberation of the room, although the early echo pattern is dependent on the positions and directivities of the source and receiver. 

The perturbations can be a single impulse, with either large or very small displacements from equilibrium or they can be the periodic displacements of an ultrasonic wave. Because the reactants are premixed and reaction is initiated by the... 

These single impulse displacements only alter the position of equilibrium provided certain conditions are met ... 

The computation, which results in Figure 8.5, which gives the result of a single Impulse, provides input into a calculation of the overall result. In the overall process we Kffeegin with an incoherent mixture of ND molecules of type D and NL molecules of 8i e L- In the first step the system is excited, as above, with a laser pulse sequence, jgl the second step, the system collisionally and radiatively relaxes so that all the pulation returns to the ground state to produce an incoherent mixture of IEl) and ip). This pair of steps is then repeated until the populations of EL) and ED) reach fhvergence. 

When the current, or flux, is a single impulse, an instantaneous-plane source for diffusion is set up and the concentration variation is given by... 

Boerhaave s great emphasis on the creation of the whole stmcture of the body at the same time was directed at those who hoped to trace down the cause of the vital interaction of the fluids exclusively in the stmcture of the body (...) or in the fluids alone Although Boerhaave does not mention any names, we can perhaps say that here the later Boerhaave speaks his mind. He does not seek the cause of life in the hydrauhcs of the fluids hke Pitcairne had done, nor in the nature of the particles of the fluids themselves, like Keill had argued. Instead, Boerhaave proposed to keep to the notion that nature has made the body in its entirety previously, and that, once it is so adjusted, one single impulse is given to it which suddenly imparts motion to the whole and causes this to continue. However, Boerhaave did not leave God out of his medicine, for he held that God ultimately is the Father and Keeper of the human race. ... 

Note that it is not necessary to use a latching or self-holding relay. A single impulse to the relay s activating coil will cause disruption... 

It is important that as soon as the acetylcholine has restarted the nervous impulse, it is destroyed so that it does not initiate more than one impulse per molecule (if this did happen a single impulse from the brain would result in many impulses reaching the big toe with the result that the toe would vibrate uncontrollably — this is called tetany). For this reason there is an enz)une present in the s)mapse (acetylcholinesterase — AChE) which destroys the acetylcholine immediately after it leaves the posts)maptic receptor. 

Consider a single (impulse) cash flow, F, occmring at time t. If both t and F are deterministic, and assuming that interest is compounded/discoimted continuously at nominal rate r per period, then the present worth is given by... 

Fig. 15 Confirmation of the reorganization of the protective Au overlayer on Ag—Au electrodes upon interruption of the anodic polarization. The sum of the charges q,

The above technique bears some similarities to the TD-PSOLA technique in that it uses a pitch-synchronous analysis to isolate individual pitch periods, after which modification and resynihesis is performed. In fact in a technique called linear prediction pitch synchronous overlap and add or LP-PSOLA, we can use the PSOLA more or less directly on the residual rather than the waveform. As above, epoch detection is used to find the epochs. The residual is then separated into a number of symmetrical frames centred on the epoch. Pitch modification is performed by moving the residual frames closer or further away, and duration modification is performed by duplication or elimination of frames, in just the same way as in TD-PSOLA. The only difference is that these operations are performed on the residual which is then fed into the LP filter to produce speech. This technique differs only from the Hunt technique in the shape of the frames. Both techniques uses window functions with their highest point at the epoch in Hunt s technique the windows are asymmetrical with the idea that they are capturing a single impulse, in LP-PSOLA the windows are symmetrical. In listening tests, the two techniques produced virtually identical quality speech. 

Figure 14.5 Explanation of how it is possible to change pitch in PSOLA without changing the spectral-envelope characteristics, (a) The time-domain pattern of a single impulse fed through an HR filter. The shape of the waveform is entirely dependent on the filter and not dependent on the impulse, (b) A series of impulse responses, clearly separated in time. As before, the pattern of the response for each period is dependent only on the filter characteristics. The period of this waveform is determined separately, by the distance between the impulses, (c) The same series but the impulse responses are positioned so close together that they overlap. The only difference between the perception of this and that of case (b) is that here the pitch will he higher because the separation is so much less. The spectral envelope will be the same because the impulse response itself is hardly altered.

J. V. Howarth, R. D. Keynes, and J. M. Ritchie, The Origin of Initial Heat Associated with a Single Impulse in Mammalian Nonmyelinated Nerve Fibers, J. Physiol. 194, 745-793 (1968). 

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