Single Event Effect SEE

The term random error refers to one or more bits in error, distributed randomly in b. Random errors can be single (only one bit is affected) or multiple. Single errors are commonly produced by single event effects (SEEs) [8] single event upsets (SEUs, in random access memories), single event transients (SETs, in combinational logic), etc. 

LaBel, K.A. Proton single event effects (SEE) guidehne, NEPP Program web site (August 2009), https //nepp.nasa.gov/files/18365/Proton RHAGuide NASA Aug09.pdf... 

A postulated or assumed set of conditions or events. Most commonly used in an analysis or assessment to represent possible future conditions and/or events to be modeled, such as possible incidents and their effects on the surrounding environment. A scenario may represent the conditions at a single point in time or a single event, or a time history of conditions and/or events (including processes). See also Credible Scenario. Schedule Rating... 

Ongoing work suggests that the 2.1-s activity may be an observation of and that the ground state may be significandy shorter lived. The isotope Th2 = 8 s) can only be produced indirectly. At first it was reported as a 15-min SF activity in the " Bk( 0,4n) reaction, as the decay daughter of a small EC branch in 27-sec Db. However, 3% of the 6 nb evaporation-residue cross section results in an effective cross section of 180 pb for the production of the 15-min activity [161]. A single event consistent with an 8-s half-hfe was observed in an a decay chain of Hs (see below), which is considered to be the more reliable observation of Rf. Work is needed to sort out the decay properties of this isotope. Several of the Rf isotopes are also produced indirectly in hot-fusion reactions as daughters of the a decays of Sg isotopes (see below). 

Interpretation of KIEs on enzymatic processes (see Chapter 11) has been frequently based on the assumption that the intrinsic value of the kinetic isotope effect is known. Chemical reactions have long been used as models for catalytic events occurring in enzyme active sites and in some cases this analogy has worked quite well. One example is the decarboxylation of 4-pyridylacetic acid presented in Fig. 10.9. Depending on the solvent, either the zwitterionic or the neutral form dominates in the solution. Since the reaction rates in D20/H20 solvent mixtures are the same (see Section 11.4 for a discussion of aqueous D/H solvent isotope effects), as are the carbon KIEs for the carboxylic carbon, it is safe to assume that this is a single step reaction. The isotope effects on pKa are expected to be close to the value of 1.0014 determined for benzoic acid. This in mind, changes in the isotope effects have been attributed to changes in solvation. 

Various types of reactor configuration may be employed to effect non-catalytic gas—solid reactions. Events occurring during such reactions (see Sect. 5) are complex and industrial equipment for particular applications has evolved with operating experience rather than as a result of analytical design. Those factors which influence the course of the reaction are the reaction kinetics (as observed for a single particle), the size distribution of the solid reactant feed and the flow pattern of both solid and gas phases through the reactor. An excellent account of gas—solid reactions and... 

---