Single Event Effect

NORMAND, E. Single event effects in avionics. IEEE Transactions On Nnclear Science, Los Alamitos, USA IEEE Computer Society, 1996, v. 43, n. 2, pp. 461-474. 

The term random error refers to one or more bits in error, distributed randomly in b. Random errors can be single (only one bit is affected) or multiple. Single errors are commonly produced by single event effects (SEEs) [8] single event upsets (SEUs, in random access memories), single event transients (SETs, in combinational logic), etc. 

LaBel, K.A. Proton single event effects (SEE) guidehne, NEPP Program web site (August 2009), https //nepp.nasa.gov/files/18365/Proton RHAGuide NASA Aug09.pdf... 

Harvesting. Except for the cotton gin, the introduction of the mechanical harvester has probably had a greater effect on cotton production than any other single event. Commercial mechanical harvesters were introduced into the United States after World War 11. By 1955, about 23% of the cotton was mechanically harvested. That value had increased to 85% by 1965. In the early 1990s more than 99% of the U.S. cotton crop was mechanically harvested, although cotton was stiH hand harvested in some other countries. 

Human operator errors are not usually examined in a FMEA, but the effects of human error are indicated by the equipment failure mode. FMEAs rarely investigate damage or injury that could arise if the system or process operated successfully. Because FMEAs focus on single event failures, they are not efficient for identifying an exhaustive list of combinations of equipment failures iliat iead to accidents. 

Most of the types described above have the facility for single-shot operation if it is necessary to measure single events (i.e. transients). In these cases, the timebase is triggered by the start of the transient. The limitation is the persistence of the screen luminescence since the event only occurs once, rather than a repetitive series of events, as happens with a periodic waveform where the trace is, in effect, overwritten during each operation of the timebase. 

A single-event microkinetic description of complex feedstock conversion allows a fundamental understanding of the occurring phenomena. The limited munber of reaction families results in a tractable number of feedstock independent kinetic parameters. The catalyst dependence of these parameters can be filtered out from these parameters using catalyst descriptors such as the total number of acid sites and the alkene standard protonation enthalpy or by accounting for the shape-selective effects. Relumped single-event microkinetics account for the full reaction network on molecular level and allow to adequately describe typical industrial hydrocracking data. 

Although it seems that interaction of feverfew components with SH-groups brings about changes in aspects of platelet and neutrophil behaviour, no single event seems to be able to explain all the effects seen by feverfew on these cells in vitro. 

Consider, for example, two disjoint events, A and B, defined in terms of adjoining intervals of real numbers, as shown in Figure 5a. Due to the effect of measurement errors, observations at the sharp boundary between events A and B are totally meaningless and should be completely discounted. Moreover, observations in the close neighborhood of this boundary (within the reach of measurement errors) are not fully credible and should be discounted according to some discount-rate function, as illustrated in Fig. 5a. When the same measurements are taken for the union A JB, as shown in Fig. 5b, the discount-rate function is not applicable. Hence, the same observations produce more evidence for the single event A JB than for the two disjoint events A and B. The evidential support for y4 U B is thus not equal to the sum of the evidential supports for A and B. That is, the additivity requirement of probability measures is violated the correct measure is in this case superadditive. Alternatively, an appropriate granulation can be used to define probabilities on fuzzy events. ... 

For a tandem MCP configuration, a number of channels of the second MCP are excited by a single event in the front MCP. Therefore, neighboring channels of the first MCP will, in effect, cause some of the same channels of the second MCP to be... 

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