Single Chemical Renal Toxins

As seen from Table 31.1, and associated references, many single chemicals are renal toxins. Several have been studied in detail. The following are illustrative examples ... 

Given the almost constant exposure of humans to toxic chemicals (via air pollution, water pollution, or food contamination) and the filtration function of the kidneys, one could easily argue that the kidneys are almost constantly exposed to mixtures of toxic chemicals and that the uptake of additional xenobiotic chemicals creates new mixtures. As we have already seen earlier, many single chemicals have been shown to be renal toxins. Whether the observed nephrotoxic effects of any of these chemicals are because of its interactions with endogenous or other exogenous chemicals is unknown. What is known is that exposures to some chemical mixtures are toxic to the kidneys of test animals and humans. Examples of studies demonstrating mixture effects follow ... 

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