3-Sinensal

An example of Asteraceae reported to inhibit COX is Cichorium intybus L., or chicory (17). In Asia, Chrysanthemum sinense Sab. (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat) and Bidens bipinnata L. are used as anti-inflammatories on account of their likely ability to inhibit COX. 

Hydroxybenzoylrhamnoside) Limonium sinense aerial parts Plumbaginaceae 434... 

Among the acyclic terpene aldehydes, citral and citronellal hold key positions as fragrance and flavor chemicals, as well as starting materials for the synthesis of other terpenoids. Hydroxydihydrocitronellal is one of the most important fragrance materials. Derivatives of these aldehydes, particularly the lower acetals, are also used as fragrance materials. Acyclic sesquiterpene aldehydes are not very important as such, but they contribute to the characteristic fragrance and aroma of essential oils, for example, in the case of a- and /3-sinensal in sweet orange oil. 

The main components are limonene (65-75%) and q-terpinene (16-22%). The characteristic feature of mandarin oil is its content of a-sinensal (0.2-0.5%), methyl A-methylanthranilate (0.3-0.6%, which is responsible for fluorescence), and long-chain unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes [369, 370a, 370d, 370e, 381, 394c, 414-421b]. 

The oils have a high terpene hydrocarbon content (>90%, mainly (+)-limonene), but their content of oxygen-containing compounds differs and affects their quality. Important for aroma are aldehydes, mainly decanal and citral, and aliphatic and terpenoid esters. The sesquiterpene aldehydes a-sinensal [17909-77-2] and/3-sinensal [6066-88-8], which contribute particularly to the special sweet orange aroma, also occur in other citrus oils, although in lower concentration [369-370a, 370d, 394,421, 430-438]. 

Scheme 23.13 Biocatalytic-chemocatalytic reaction sequence to produce a-sinensal from trans-nerolidol. 1 Aspergillus niger sp., Aspergillus niger ATCC 9142, Rhodococcus rubropertinctus DSM 43197 2 chemical conversion steps...

Canarium album Raeusch. C. sinense Rumph. Gan Lan (Chinese olive) (seed) Beta-carotene, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, ascorbic acid.50 Antiphlogistic, astringent in pharngitis. 

Chrysanthemum jucundum Nakai Kitag. C. koraiense Nakai C. morifolium Ramat. C. sinense Sabine. Jiu Hua (Chrysanthemum) (flower) Bomol, chrysanthemin, camphor, stachydrine, choline, acacetin-7-rhamnoglucoside, cosmosiin, acacetin-7-glucoside, diosmetin-7-glucoside, adenine.33 Antipyretic, antitoxin, remedy for common cold, headache, dizziness, red eye, swelling, hypertension. 

Ligusticum jeholense (Nakai et Kitag.) Nakai et Kitag. L. pyrenacum Couan. L. sinense Oliv. L. tenuissimum (Nakai) Kitag. Gao Ben (root) Nothosmymol, coumarin, chromone, polyacetylene.33-259 Induce diaphoresis, for gout, an anodyne, emmenagogue, sedative. 

Pyrethrum cinerariifolium (L.) Trev. P. sinense DC Chu Chong Jiu (flower) Essential oil, adenine, choline, stachydrine.49 Sedative, refrigerant in headache, influenza. 

China Chrysanthemum boreale (Makino) Makino C. jucundum Nakai Kitag. C. koraiense Nakai. C. procumbens Lour. C. sinense Sabine Alpha-pinene, limonene, carvone, cineol, camphore, bomeol, chrysanthinin, yejuhualactone, chrysanthemaxanthin 33 Antibacterial, relieve headache, insomnia, and dizziness due to high blood pressure. 

Chrysanthemum jucundum, C. koraiense, C. morifolium, C. sinense Clerodendrum trichotomum, C. spicatus... 

Chrysanthemum jucundum, C. koraiense, C. morifolium, C. sinense, Cirsium albescens, C. brevicaule, C. littorale, C. maakii, C. segetum, C. setosum, C. vlassovianum Acalypha australis, A. farnesiana, A. indica Acanthopanax sessiliflorus Prunus persica... 

Achyranthes asperia, Amaranthus tricolor, A. lividus, A. blitum, A. viridis, Benincase cerifera, B. hispida, Boehmeria densiflora, Canarium album, C. sinense, Castanea crenuta, C. mollissima, Corylus heterophylla, C. mandshurica, Petasites japonicus, Rosa multiflora, Syzygium aromaticum, Zea mays Urtica angustifolia, U. cannabina, U. lobata, U. tenacissima, U. urens, U. utillis Centella asiatica... 

C. sinense, Castanea crenuta, C. mollissima, Corylus heterophylla, C. mandshurica, Petasites japonicus, Zea mays... 

C. sinense, Curcuma longa, C. pallida, C. phaeocoulis, Kaempferia galanga Artemisia argyi, A. halodendron, A. igniaria, A. indica, A. integrifolia, A. japonica, A. keiskeana,... 

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