Simultaneous rejection measurements

The GPC analysis of feed and permeate solution is ideally suited for rapid simultaneous rejection measurements. Simulta-eous rejection is of great Importance in ultrafiltration practice. As an example, we show here a simultaneous measurement of rejection of proteins and of lactose in whey ultrafiltration (Figure 13). The membrane used was the ABCOR HFK membrane and the feed solution had a typical composition of a partially concentrated... 

Figure 13. Simultaneous rejection measurement by GPC. The GPC profiles ARI trace Cupperl and A iso trace Clowerl jor whey jeed and permeate obtained by UF through the ABCOR HFK membrane. The peak labelled IgG corresponds to whey immunoglobulines peaks labelled a. and fi correspond to oc -lactalbumin and fi-lac-...

We begin with a simultaneous test of the null hypothesis that the single measurement xgj is drawn from the background population and that X and t provide the proper transformation to normality. Our simultaneous test, which is based on tj and r, rejects the null hypothesis if... 

If H0 is rejected, a two-stage procedure is initiated. First, a list of candidate biases and leaks is constructed by means of the recursive search scheme outlined by Romagnoli (1983). All possible combinations of gross errors (measurement biases and/or process leaks) from this subset are analyzed in the second stage. Gross error magnitudes are estimated simultaneously for each combination and chi-square test statistic calculations are performed to identify the suspicious combinations. We will now explain the stages of the procedure. 

It only remains to add that Einstein would probably reject the theory of multiple space-time systems which I have been expounding to you. He would interpret his formula in terms of contortions in space-time which alter the invariance theory for measure properties, and of the proper times of each historical route. His mode of statement has the greater mathematical simplicity, and only allows of one law of gravitation, excluding the alternative. But, for myself, I cannot reconcile it with the given facts of our experience as to simultaneity, and spatial arrangement. 

NB Solutions were prepared from dilutions of stock solution in water or EtOH 1-2% of EtOH was found not to have observable effects on the spectra. Buffers were prepared by dilution of stock solutions with freshly boiled double-distilled water. Solutions in acetate (0.01 or 0.002 M) or phosphate (0.0067 or 0.0022 M) buffers gave pJCa values that were slightly lower in the more dilute buffers these were taken without further correction to be the thermodynamic pJCa values. Most of the values were from measurements with a Beckman Model G pH meter later measurements also used a Beckman Research Model pH meter, which gave values that differed by not more than 0.01 log unit from e values determined simultaneously with file Model G. Spectral readings from at least 12 wavelengths were used for each pK value. Data were rejected if the spectra did not show a precise isosbestic point. Recorded deviations are the range of values, not the standard deviaticm. values for a total of about 70 substituted 2,4rdiaiiunopyriinidines were reported. 

The ionic sites [tetrakis (p-chlorophenyl) borate. TpClPB ] work to reject counterions from being coextracted into the organic phase and are, therefore, requisite for the generation of analyte-ion activity (concentration)-dependent membrane potential changes. This molecular mechanism for the potential response process of ISEs was recently revealed experimentally by simultaneous measurements of laser-induced second-harmonic generation (SHG) and membrane potentials, in which it was found that the observed membrane potentials originate from the SHG-active surface-oriented charged chemical species of the order of a few molecular layers (Fig. 

The various films prepared were about 1-2 mils thick and were neither ultra thin nor prepared as asymmetric membranes. Consequently the product fluxes were low and could not easily be determined with conventional reverse osmosis test cells. Measurements were therefore carried out in a test cell first described by McKinney [8]. The test unit is uniquely suited for characterizing transport properties in dense, low flux membranes because of the small downstream dead volume and the simultaneous determination of flux and rejection in a capillary connected to the downstream receiving volume instrumented with a microelectrode to monitor down-stream salt concentration. 

More complicated pulse-shaping and interferometry schemes can allow additional flexibility to allow simultaneous sampling of the Raman spectrum while rejecting the nonresonant component. This technique enables an entire region of the Raman spectrum of a sample to be measured with a single brief broadband pulse. 

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