Simultaneous grafting

The properties of impact polystyrene can be improved by simultaneous grafting and crosslinking upon rubber. Changing cis-polybutadiene into trans-polybutadiene and eliminating the 1,2-vinyl configuration through radiation are discussed by Parkinson. 

Suzuki, I., and S. Ogawa Effect of addition of cations on the simultaneous grafting of styrene to rayon by gamma-irradiation. J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 7, 2067 <1963). 

Photo-grafting can be performed in two different manners simultaneous grafting [105] and post-irradiation grafting [106]. For simultaneous grafting, the substrate, monomer, photosensitiser and solvent under inert conditions are taken in a photoreactor and irradiated with UV. In the latter case, substrate is irradiated in air to generate hydroperoxides on the surface followed by decomposition of these hydroperoxides in the presence of monomer to yield grafted surfaces. 

IPNs are fabricated along several general pathways. In one, a linear or slightly crosslinked polymer is swollen by a monomer, followed by polymerization of the monomer. Another method is the utilization of simultaneous graft polymer-... 

Nanoparticles have been used during the last four years to label nucleic acid sequences. Considering the size of the nanoparticles, usually 10-200 nm, labeling DNA with these is equivalent to an immobilization reaction. Indeed, usually a large number of identical probes are simultaneously grafted on a particular nanoparticle. 

At simultaneous grafting of vanadium and phosphorus compounds followed by hydrolysis of the surface groiqs (samples PVD-4, -S, -6) the components can be fi d on the surface according to the reactions ... 

As previously mentioned, several commercial hybrid thermosets are known to be co-reacting thermosets, i.e. when the mixture of two different thermosetting monomers or prepolymers is cured, there is a simultaneous graft or co-reaction between the components along with the crosslinking reactions. These systems may therefore be considered as co-polymerizing thermosets and not as true blends. Examples of such systems are phenolic novolak/epoxy resin (or epoxy novolaks) ... 

Radiation-induced graft polymerization can be classified into two techniques in terms of irradiation opportunity (1) simultaneous grafting, i.e., the mixture of a trunk polymer and a monomer is irradiated, and (2) preirradiation grafting, i.e., a trunk polymer is previously irradiated and then brought into contact with the monomer [56]. From a practical viewpoint, the preirradiation technique is preferable because of the negligible formation of homopolymers and easier control of the degree of polymerization. 

Shao, S., Ding, J., Wang, L., Jing, X., Wang, E, 2012. White electroluminescence from aU-phosphorescent single polymers on a fluorinated poly (arylene ether phosphine oxide) backbone simultaneously grafted with blue and yellow phosphors. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134,20290-20293. 

Schematic representation of the morphology of PP/organoclay nanocomposites prepared by (a) ammonium ion-terminated PP and MMT-Na+, (b) static annealing of functionalized PP (e.g., with MA) and M2(Ci8)2 organoclay, (c) solution blending with simultaneous grafting of the imsaturated surfactant onto the PP chains.

Xie, S., Zhang, S., and Wang, F. 2004. Synthesis and characterization of poly (propylene)/montmorillonite nanocomposites by simultaneous grafting-intercalation. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 94 1018-1023. 

Radiation crosslinking of the dispersed EPDM phase and a simultaneous grafting of PP onto EPDM is proposed to be the explanation for both the anomalous rheological and an enhanced morphology fixation. This idea is supported by gelfraction measurements. 

Polymer surface modifications can be performed either by simultaneous grafting or by postirradiation grafting. In the first case, the polymer surface is covered by the monomer and the photo-initiator. In the second case, the activation of polymer surface occurs after the irradiation of the grafting photoinitiators (at the polymer surface), thus, generating initiators which are able to initiate monomer polymerization. 

---