Silver acrylate

Figure 18 Schematic representation of the preparation of Ag SPEB(PS-PAA) composite particles in situ. PS core particles are first prepared by a conventional emulsion polymerization. In the second step, the PS cores are covered with a thin layer of photoinitiator HMEM. In the third step, the shell of polyelectrolyte brushes is formed by photoemulsion polymerization Shining light on the aqueous suspension of these particles generates radicals at their surface, which initiate the radical polymerization of the functional monomer (silver acrylate) on the surface of the core particles. Concomitantly, the silver anions embedded in the PAA brushes are reduced to Ag-NP under UV irradiation. Reprinted with permission from Lu, Y. Mei, Y. Schrinner, M. etal.

Lu et al. (2007b) have synthesized silver (Ag) NPs in an SPB nanoreactor in a different way. The PS core was synthesized and HMEM applied as photoinitiator as described by previous Hterature (Guo et al., 1999 Marra et al., 2003 Mei et al., 2003). In the final step, silver acrylate was used as a functional monomer to grow SPB on the PS core. Meanwhile, Ag NPs were generated from Ag" ", which were confined as counterions in the presence of UV fight (Fig. 4.20). 

Catalysts. Silver and silver compounds are widely used in research and industry as catalysts for oxidation, reduction, and polymerization reactions. Silver nitrate has been reported as a catalyst for the preparation of propylene oxide (qv) from propylene (qv) (58), and silver acetate has been reported as being a suitable catalyst for the production of ethylene oxide (qv) from ethylene (qv) (59). The solubiUty of silver perchlorate in organic solvents makes it a possible catalyst for polymerization reactions, such as the production of butyl acrylate polymers in dimethylformamide (60) or the polymerization of methacrylamide (61). Similarly, the solubiUty of silver tetrafiuoroborate in organic solvents has enhanced its use in the synthesis of 3-pyrrolines by the cyclization of aHenic amines (62). 

The pits are generally embossed into the substrate (polycarbonate or polymethylmethacrylate) layer by an injection-molding process, and are used to indicate whether a data bit is 0 or 1. An aluminum or silver layer provides a reflective surface, and is protected from corrosion and damage by a radiation-cured acrylate (lacquer) layer, onto which a label is usually printed.197... 

Improvement to the Reformatsky reactions was achieved (53) by the use of a highly activated zinc - silver couple dispersed on the surface of graphite. T reatment of protected aldono-1,4-lactones 10b or 25b and 1,5-lactones 51a or 51b with a Reformatsky reagent prepared from a-haloesters or alkyl 2-(bromomethyl)acrylates resulted in the formation of the corresponding 3-or 4-glyculofuranos (or pyranos)onates 49a,b-50a,b, or 52a,b, respectively, under mild conditions (— 40 ° to 00) and in very good yields. Ethyl 2-deoxy-2-fluoro (and 2-bromo)-a-D-wa o-3,6-furanos-3-octulosonate derivatives were also obtained. 

Similarly, fluorescent silver clusters could be prepared in so called molecular hydrogels, formed by polyglycerol-b/oc -poly(acrylic acid) (PG-b-PAA), using a ratio COOH Ag of 2 1 with UV irradiation (365 nm). The emission band centered at 590 nm reached a maximum after 200 min of irradiation. The authors claim improved photostability of the clusters since they are still luminescent even after 9 h of irradiation, but it has to be mentioned that the irradiation source was weak, only 0.5 mW/cm2. They claim that it is the number of arms in the star polymer rather than the length of the arms (thus the density of COOH) that plays a crucial role in the formation of silver clusters [30]. 

This ester has been prepared by the action of ethyl jS-bromo-propionate on methylamine hydrochloride in the presence of silver oxide,1 by the addition of methylamine to ethyl acrylate,2 and by heating ethyl /3-chloropropionate, methylamine, and benzene in an autoclave.3... 

Other polymerisation incidents are f Acrylaldehyde, 1145 Acrylamide, 1180 Acrylic acid, 1148 Acrylic acid, Initiator, Water, 1148 f Acrylonitrile, 1107 f Acrylonitrile, Initiators, 1107 f Acrylonitrile, Silver nitrate, 1107 f Acryloyl chloride, 1093 Allyl 4-toluenesulfonate, 3315 Aluminium chloride, Alkenes, 0062 3 - Aminopropiononitrile f Aziridine, Acids, 0863... 

Optimum yields of (3-vinyl-y-butyrolactols from the Pd(II) promoted reaction of vinyl triflates with Z-but-2-en-l,4-diol (Scheme 6.33) are attained when tetra-n-butylammonium chloride is added (47]. The lactol is conveniently oxidized to the lactone with celite-supported silver carbonate. The corresponding arylbutyrolactols are obtained in high yield (70-80%) from an analogous reaction of iodoarenes with the enediol. The yields of 2-alkenyl-2,5-dihydrofurans, resulting from the Pd(0) catalysed reaction of cyclic alkynylcarbonates with acrylic esters via tandem C-C and C-0 bond forming reactions, are enhanced by the presence of tetra-n-butyl-ammonium fluoride (e.g. Scheme 6.33) (48]. 

Figure 3.25 — Electrolytic flow-cell of the tubular type. (A) Whole cell. (B) Detail of working micro-electrode 1 Working electrode 2 reference electrode (Ag/AgCl) 3 counter-electrode (Pt wire) 4 acrylic tube 5 rubber cup 6 electrolyte solution (mobile phase) 7 fused-silica tube (50- or 100-/tm ID) 8 Ni wire (diameter 25 or 50 im, length 5 mm) 9 PTFE tube (0.1-mm ID, 2-mm OD) 10 hole 11 adhesive resin 12 glass pipette 13 silver paste 14 insulator 15 electric wire, (Reproduced from [184] with permission of Elsevier Science Publishers).

UV curable flexo ink for RFID antennas Radio frequency identification (RFID) devices and contactless smart cards are capable of uniquely identifying an individual or object when they are interrogated by an external radio frequency signal. Recently, a process of printing with the use of UV curable conductive flexo inks has been introduced. The inks are based on polyfunctional acrylates with silver flakes added for the electrical conductivity. The advantages of these inks are ... 

In the analogous reaction of A-benzcncsulfonyl-indolc and ethyl acrylate the addition of an equimolar amount of silver(I) acetate as oxidising agent allowed for the lowering of the palladium content to catalytic levels. The... 

Heterogeneous oxidative processes operate at high temperatures (250-450 6C) and are useful for the synthesis of acrolein and acrylic acid from propylene over bismuth molybdate catalysts, the synthesis of maleic and phthalic anhydrides from the oxidation of benzene (or C4 compounds) and naphthalene (or o-xylene) respectively over vanadium oxide,101 arid the synthesis of ethylene oxide from ethylene over silver catalysts.102... 

Electronic devices can also generate electromagnetic and radio frequency interference waves that can interfere with other electronic devices. These waves must be modulated and leakage to the environment prevented. Plastics, silicones, acrylics, and polyesters (qv) that are filled with conductive fillers, such as silver, nickel, and copper, are used for this application (1). Although nickel-filled polymers are low cost and efficient, these are not preferred because of the carcinogenic nature of nickel powder. 

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