Signal-Flow Diagrams

Fig. 12. Cascade control signal flow diagram, where SPP = primary control variable setpoint PVP = primary control variable measurement ...

Control systems may be classified from their signal flow diagrams as either open-loop systems or closed-loop systems depending on whether the output of the primary control circuit is fed back to the controlling component. As Fig. 2 suggests, the typical control circuit consists of sequential arrays of components deployed about the process under control. If the controller is not apprised of the behavior of the controlled variable, the control system is an open-loop one. Conversely, if the measuring means on the controlled variable sends its signals back to the controller so that the behavior of the controlled variable is always under the scrutiny of the controller, the system is a closed-loop or feedback control system. 

The proposed control mechanism for human thermoregulation as represented in Figure 3 by the signal-flow diagram seems to accommodate... 

NUl USED TO DETERMINE THE BINARY SHIFT NECESSARY FOR THE COMPUTATION OF THE P FACTORS IN THE SIGNAL FLOW DIAGRAM. K=INDEX OF ELEMENT IN THE COMPUTATIONAL ARRAY K1N2=INDEX OF DUAL NODE FOR K+1 ELEMENT IN COMPUTATIONAL ARRAY L=THE NUMBER OF THE COMPUTATIONAL ARRAY IN QUESTION PAGE= OF THE FIRST SHARED PAGE TO PUT IN THE WINDOW (INTEGER)... 

The active compensation of the disturbing force Pi can now be achieved by a suitable feedback of the measured base acceleration ai to the input of the high-voltage source for the piezo actuator. Based on a signal flow diagram, which is always to be developed by the designer, for the functionality of the force compensation will be investigated on the computer with support of an appropriate dynamic simulation and analysis software system, for example MATLAB [4]. 

Fig. 8.32. General signal-flow diagram for real-time control of active damper systems...

The representation of the functional structure is done by using so-called data flow diagrams (DFDs, Fig. 1.8). There is an essential difference with signal flow diagrams (van der Grinten, 1970). In the latter type of diagrams, first a list is made of all variables and... 

Prepare material-balance and composition-control signal flow diagrams. 

The preceding equations now can be combined into the signal flow diagram of Figure 14.2. As can be seen, the feed flow, external reflux, steam flow, and top- and bottom-product flows are all inputs. By providing the proper additional connections, we can design any desired type of material-balance control. 

Signal flow diagram for column material balance... 

We can now prepare the partial signal flow diagram of Figure 14.3. From this we can see by inspection that ... 

Signal flow diagram—material balance control in direction of flow... 

The closed-loop signal-flow diagram of Figure 14.6 may now be prepared. To show the relationship between Wd and jpp more clearly, it is redrawn into the form of Figure 14.7. This is a much more complex diagram than that of... 

With the same control scheme in mind, we can prepare the signal flow diagram of Figure 14.9. 

Material balance signal flow diagram—vapor sidestream drawoff... 

To find the response, Pe(j), to various inputs, we combine equations (15.13) through (15.24) into the signal flow diagram of Figure 15.2. The first reduction of this is given in Figure 15.3 and the final reduction in Figure 15.4. From this we may write by inspection ... 

First reduction of signal flow diagram of figure 15.Z... 

Final signal flow diagram for Pc of flooded condenser... 

The signal flow diagram of Figure 15.2 can be redrawn to show w is) as an output as shown in Figure 15.5. This can then be reduced to the form of Figure 15.6, firom which we can write by inspection ... 

From the preceding equations we can prepare the signal flow diagram of Figure 15.8. This can be partially reduced as shown on Figure 15.9 where three new functions are defined ... 

Prelimlnaiy signal flow diagram Am- heat transfinr dynamics... 

Signal flow diagram for base level control cascaded to steam flow control... 

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