Sierra waters

Calcium Hypochlorite, also known as High Test Hypochlorite (HTH) is supplied in erystal form it is nearly 70% available chlorine. One produet, the Sanitizer (formally the Sierra Water Purifier) uses these erystals to superehlorinate the water to insure pathogens were killed off, then hydrogen peroxide is added to drive off... 

The spring waters of the Sierra Nevada result from the attack of high C02 soil waters on typical igneous rocks and hence can be regarded as nearly ideal samples of a major water type. Their compositions are consistent with a model in which the primary rock-forming silicates are altered in a closed system to soil minerals plus a solution in steady-state equilibrium with these minerals. Isolation of Sierra waters from the solid alteration products followed by isothermal evaporation in equilibrium with the eartKs atmosphere should produce a highly alkaline Na-HCO.rCOA water a soda lake with calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxy-silicate, and amorphous silica as precipitates. 

Table V compares the Sierra waters with some waters from other felsic rocks. The fundamental similarities are clearly apparent as well as the minor variations that show the imprint of the details of rock mineralogy and small additions of constituents from various other sources.

Possible Solid Compounds in Sierra Water as a Function of... 

Buffering of pH during the early heavier precipitation of calcite and sepiolite is clear and is reflected in a near constancy of HCCV and CO32. However, after Ca2+ and Mg2+ are substantially reduced, the pH again rises with further concentration. Because the Sierra waters are so low in sulfate, gypsum does not precipitate abstraction of Ca2+ as calcite never permits the solubility product of gypsum to be exceeded. 

The 100x and 1000X waters resemble some natural waters. Table IX compares, in p.p.m., the hypothetical Sierra waters with several natural water bodies. 

Summary of Genesis arid Evaporation of Sierra Waters... 

Blum, J. D., Erel, Y., and Brown, K. (1994). Sr/ Sr ratios of Sierra Nevada stream waters Implications for relative mineral weathering rates. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58,5019-5025. 

Sierra, M.B., Morini, M.A., Schulz, P.C., Junquera, E. and Aicart, E. (2007) Effect of double bonds in the formation of sodium dodecanoate and sodiumlO-undecenoate mixed micelles in water. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 111 (40), 11692-11699. 

Figure 1.4. Phase diagram for the system K O-AfCVSiCVF O at 25 °C and 1 atmosphere. Open circles are analytical data for water from springs or seeps in a granitic terrain in the Sierra Nevada (from Feth and others) (%) (from Birkeland, 1984, after Feth and others, 1964. Reprinted from Soils and Geomorphology, pill, Copyright (1984), with permission from Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford)...

Feth J.H., Roberson G.E., Polzer W.L. Sources of mineral constituents in water from granitic rocks, Sierra Nevada, California and Nevada. US Geol Surv Water Supply Pap 1964,1535-M. 

We choose as a first example the evaporation of spring water from the Sierra Nevada mountains of California and Nevada, USA, as modeled by Garrels and Mackenzie (1967). Their hand calculation, the first reaction path traced in geochemistry (see Chapter 1), provided the inspiration for Helgeson s (1968 and later) development of computerized methods for reaction modeling. 

Table 24.1. Mean composition of spring water from the Sierra Nevada, California and Nevada, USA (Garrels and Mackenzie, 1967)...

Fig. 24.1. Volumes of minerals (amorphous silica, calcite, and sepiolite) precipitated during a reaction model simulating at 25 °C the evaporation of Sierra Nevada spring water in equilibrium with atmospheric C02, plotted against the concentration factor. For example, a concentration factor of x 100 means that of the original 1 kg of water, 10 grams remain.

Fig. 24.2. Calculated effects of evaporation at 25 °C on the chemistry of Sierra Nevada spring water. Top figures show how pH and ionic strength vary over the reaction path in Figure 24.1 bottom figure shows variation in the fluid s bulk composition.

According to Hardie and Eugster s (1970) model and its later variants (see discussions in Eugster and Jones, 1979 Drever, 1988, pp. 232-250 and Jankowski and Jacobson, 1989), a natural water, as it evaporates, encounters a series of chemical divides that controls the sequence of minerals that precipitate. The reaction pathway specific to the evaporation of a water of any initial composition can be traced in detail using a reaction model like the one applied in this section to Sierra spring water. 

De Souza Sierra, M.M., Donard, O.F.X., Lamotte, M., Belin, C. et al. 1994. Fluorescence spectroscopy of coastal and marine waters. Marine Chemistry, 47, 127-44. 

Most ritual use has involved ingestion of the raw peyote by itself or in cold water soups prepared with dried powdered cactus buttons and fresh green cactus tops. The Huichol Indians in the western Sierra Madre in Mexico have also employed peyote enemas using a syringe of deer femur and a bulb of deer bladder. Informants claim that the enema infusion bypasses the traditional nausea and vomiting associated with oral ingestion and is favored by shamans with weak stomachs (11). 

WATER QUALITY AND RECREATION IN THE MAMMOTH LAKES SIERRA, Report and Summary. (1973) (Sponsor National Science Foundation) FUTURE ALTERNATIVES FOR THE SANTA MONICA PIER. (1973)... 

Fig. 2.22. Chromatograms of methanohwater (50 per cent, v/v) saffron extracts from Mancha (a), Rio (b) and Sierra (c) types, simultaneously recorded at 250, 310 and 440 nm, including 4-nitroaniline as internal standard. The mobile and stationary phases were a linear gradient of methanol-water from 20 to 70 per cent in 50min, and an ODS column, respectively. The flowrate was lml/min, temperature 30°C and sample size 50/jl. The following compounds are present picrocrocin (1), HTCC (2), 3-entiobiosile-kaempferol (3), a-crocin (4), crocin 2 (5), crocin 3 (6), safranal (7), crocin 4 (8), crocin 5 (9), crocin 6(10) and internal standard (I>S.). Reprinted with permission from R Lozano et al. [47].

Sierra-Alvarez, R. Field, J.A. Kortekaas, S. Lettinga, G. Overview of the anaerobic toxicity caused by organic forest industry wastewater pollutants. Water Set Technol. 1994, 29 (5-6), 353-363. 

At the Sierra Army Depot in Herlong, California, groundwater had been contaminated by trinitrotoluene (TNT) and trichloroethylene (TCE). The 28-acre plume of contaminated ground-water was located about 70 ft underground. The U.S. Army evaluated the cost difference between conventional pump-and-treat systems, ultraviolet (UV) oxidation, granular activated carbon (GAC) filters, and MNA. The active treatments were estimated to cost between 6 and 10 million while MNA costs were estimated to be approximately 1 million (D17451Q). 

We have chosen to study the genesis of the spring waters of the Sierra Nevada because of the availability of a careful set of analyses of the waters plus determinations of the primary igneous rock minerals and of the soil minerals derived from them (3). As we will demonstrate, the Sierra system emerges as one in which a few primary igneous rock... 

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