Short Abbreviations

Rem This older term is the short abbreviation for roentgen equivalent man. It is defined as the dose of radiation absorbed, multiplied by a modifying factor called quality factor Q, or relative biological effectiveness, RBE that takes into account the type of radiation (of any kind) and how the radiation is absorbed. Thus, for beta, gamma and X-rays, the quality factor is 1 for alpha radiation it may be as high as 20, and for neutrons it varies from 3 to 10. 

There are no easy solutions to the dilemma that has arisen from the discovery of so many (nearly 300) glycosphingolipids of diverse structures. Short abbreviations are so attractive that a logical system, with broad application to more complex compounds, is desirable. 

The function of this chapter is to review these methods with emphasis on the types of phenomenology involved and information obtained. Many of the effects are complicated, and full theoretical descriptions are still lacking. The wide variety of methods and derivative techniques has resulted in a veritable alphabet soup of acronyms. A short list is given in Table VIII-1 (see pp. 313-318) the lUPAC recommendations for the abbreviations are found in Ref. 1. 

Kurz-wolle,/. short wool fibers, noils, -wort, n, abbreviation, -zeichen, n. symbol, kurzzeitig, a. short-time, temporary, brief, kiissen, v.t. kiss. 

Active Figure 17.20 Dehydrochlorination of menthyl and neomenthyl chlorides, (a) Neomenthyl chloride loses HCI directly from its more stable conformation, but (b) menthyl chloride must first ring-flip before HCI loss can occur. The abbreviation "Et represents an ethyl group. Sign in at www.thomsonedu.com to see a simulation based on this figure and to take a short quiz. 

For most purposes, the short form (2-Carb-38.5) is preferred when abbreviation of the extended form is desirable. 

Chemists communicate in a highly elaborated alfabetic [sic] and symbolic language. The chemical nomenclature is a predominant literary language. Only short names are spoken, the official, sometimes very long terms are replaced by trivial names or are uncanonically abbreviated for oral communication. The chemical nomenclature works with a distinct syntax and semantic, but is not suited for textual sentences. Structures are drawn according to specific rules. 

Recent work on thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) will not be included in this chapter since it is being reviewed elsewhere in the book. Abbreviations for some mbbers and accelerators will be used throughout in place of their full names as shown in Table 11.1. Acronyms for other polymers and additives wUl be provided in the text as required. A short discussion of polymer miscibility and compatibUization of polymer blends will be provided for better appreciation of the subject. 

Traveller s diarrhoea may be eaused by one of many gastrointestinal pathogens (Table 6.4). However, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli is the most common pathogen. Whilst it is generally short-lived, traveller s diarrhoea can seriously mar a brief period abroad, be it for holiday or business purposes. Although not universally accepted, the use of short-course co-trimoxazole or quinolone such as norfloxacin can abbreviate an attack in patients with severe disease. 

Note that dj2 is the short notation for d7l2 2 2, as it appears in the cubic point groups (Appendix VII). Similarly, fti, fxtj and are the abbreviated symbols for... 

The authors would like to acknowledge that the section dealing with population balance modeling of granulation processes is an abbreviated version of material prepared by Dr. J. D. Litster, University of Queensland, for a joint short course given by Dr. B. J. Ennis and Dr. J. D. Litster. 

The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction, shortly described as Convention on general and comprehensive prohibition of chemical weapons, or Chemical Weapons Convention, abbreviated as CWC, was adopted in 1992 after complex negotiations on the basis of The Conference on Disarmament (and previous multilateral negotiating fora in Geneva), lasting nearly a quarter of a century mainly due to the worldwide spread of chemical industry and relatively easy... 

Figure 2.7. The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Abbreviations LB, LamB protein LP, lipoprotein O, OmpA protein MP, membrane protein. The peptidoglycan backbone consists of alternating residues of A-acetylglucosamine and /V-acetylmuramic acid, which are cross-linked via short peptides.

Biochemists started more than 50 years ago to name familiar molecules by abbreviations. They have not been dissuaded by the change in terminology nor the alterations in names. Therefore, the current list of short-hand abbreviations that are used now takes several pages. The sort of names used in this chapter is quite varied and is illustrated below. 

Although the most frequently used nomenclature for AHLs was initially based on a 3-5 letter codes based on names e.g. BHL for N-butyryl-L-homo-serine lactone, OHHL for AT-(3-oxohexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone or OdDHL for N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone, the rapid expansion in the range of AHL molecules discovered has led to changes in this nomenclature. Currently, the accepted abbreviations are a structure-based short-hand notations e.g. C4-HSL for N-butyryl-L-homoserine lactone, 3-oxo-C6-HSL (or 30,C6-HSL) for AT-(3-oxohexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone or 3-hydroxy-C12-HSL (or 30H,C12-HSL) for N-(3-hydroxydodecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone. 

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