Shock voltage

Replace the steel wire braid armour with round steel wires (GSWA) and reduce the metallic return path impedance Zmr to 0.1 ohm, and compare the effect on the hazardous shock voltage. 

If a 50 mm cable and a fuse rating of 125 amps are chosen as recommended in g) then the circuit earth loop impedance is still too high by a ratio of about 1.65 1. Hence an earth leakage circuit breaker should still be used for this motor circuit. The hazardous shock voltage is still too high. 

The interelectrode insulators, an integral part of the electrode wall stmcture, are required to stand off interelectrode voltages and resist attack by slag. Well cooled, by contact with neighboring copper electrodes, thin insulators have proven to be very effective, particularly those made of alumina or boron nitride. Alumina is cheaper and also provides good anchoring points for the slag layer. Boron nitride has superior thermal conductivity and thermal shock resistance. 

The coil ends must be rigidly supported and adequately braced with binding rings or tapes to prevent their movement and also absorb shocks and vibrations during excessive overloads, starting inrush currents (/, ), and voltage surges. 

An electric current, rather than voltage, through a human body may cause shock and can damage vital organs of the body as follows ... 

For the shock loading of the present experiment the currents achieved are typically tens of amperes. To keep the voltages sufficiently low to measure... 

Grounding. Grounding is another way to provide protection from electric shock however, it is nonnally a secondary protective measure. By grounding a tool or electrical system, a low-resistance patlr to tire earth Uirough a ground coimection or comiections is intentionally created. Wlien properly done, tliis patli offers sufficiently low resistance and lias sufficient current-cariy ing capacity to prevent the buildup of voltages that may result... 

Voltage-pulsed AP analysis of resistive materials is difficult, since they do not transmit high-voltage pulses effectively. In the case of semiconducting materials there is the further problem of their brittleness, so that the mechanical shock due to the voltage pulse often causes specimen fracture. The pulsed laser atom probe (PLAP) is more effective for these materials. 

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