Shock-induced Mechanical Excitations

Extending Eqs. (6) and (7) one step further, Jindal and Dlott [20] introduced a uniaxial mode-GrUneisen parameter, 

The uniaxial mode-Griineisen parameter is a direct measure of how much energy is transferred from a shock propagating along a particular direction to a particular mode. For instance in Eq. (8), is the Griineisen parameter for 

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The laser-induced breakdowns are caused by three consequent mechanisms [22] (i) tiie excitation of electrons in tiie conduction band by impact and multiphoton ionization (MPI), (ii) radiation-induced heating of tiie conduction-band electrons, and (iii) transfer of the plasma energy to the lattice. The key benefit of ultia-short femtosecond laser pulses lies in their ability to deposit energy in materials in a very short time interval. Heat diffusion is frozen during the interaction and the shock-like energy deposition leads to ablation for ultra-short pulses. This is because tiie pulse... 

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