Shadow line

Figure 3.12. Schematic of the quasibinary section of a ternary (multicomponent) system, Tp, is tile temperature of the precipitation threshold CPC is the cloud-point curve (tlw phase boundary). / stands for the phase coexistence curves at the total polymer concentration V cj and 4. SL is the shadow line. The concentrations of the coexisting...

At < ipc. the left-hand branch of the coexistence curve goes inside the area bounded by the CPC and ends on the CPC at the concentration equal to the initial polymer concentration. The right-hand branch of the coexistence curve goes outside the CPC region and ends at the point corresponding to the temperature of the end of the left-hand branch of the coexistence curve. The set of the endpoints of the cx>existcnce curve s right-hand branch forms a shadow line (SL). 

Figure 3.13. Ph2ise diagram of the eystem polystyrene+cyclohexane. Polystyrene Af = 210,000, A/u, = 346,000, A/j = 550,000. CPC is the cloud-point curve. SL is the shadow line. C is the critical point. The coexistence curves have been obtained for the polymer concentrations (wt %) 2 (/), 6 2), 10(5), 15 (.(), and 20 (5) (Rehage et al., 1965) [Reprinted with permission from G.Rehage, D.Moller, O.Ernst. Oie Makromolckular Chemie 88 (1965) S. 232-255. Copyright 1965 by Hiithig Wept Publishers, Ziig, Switzerland]...

One can observe that at tp > Pc (eg. p = p xn Figures 3.11 and 3.12), the right-hand branch of the coexistence curve, going outside the CFC-bounded region, ends on the CP( at p ii = p. At this temperature, the left-hand branch ends at the point p. i i.e, on the shadow line, which now (at p > Pc) goes inside the CPC-bounded region. 

Projection radiography has long been used for pipe inspection and corrosion monitoring. In this traditional tangential wall thickness estimation the distance of border lines of the projected wall shadows of a pipe onto the film is a direct measure for the wall thickness. This method is not considered here, newer developments can be found in / /. 

Restrict the size of the second drain valve to M in., and place it at least 1 m from the fust valve. The drain line should be robust and firmly supported. Its end should be located outside tbe shadow of the tank. 

When placed at a distance from the observer s eye the crosshatch lines merge and appear as a uniform shade of gray. There is a standard size for this chart (BS 2742C 1957), and this has the five shades from 0 to 4. The chart is usually viewed from a distance of 15 meters and hence has to be mounted on a tripod, which should not shadow the card. The chart should be set up in such a position that the smoke being measured has the same sky background as the chart. It should not be placed so that the sun is either directly behind the chart or directly in front of it. Comparisons can then be made between the shade of the smoke and that on the card. 

Fig. 7.1. The direction of the orienting field (dot-dashed line) in a fluctuating cage, when the molecule (shadowed circle) is in its centre (a)-(c), or shifted toward the cell edge (d).

The lines of his face are deeply carved, his eyes shadowed and the lids heavy. I put my hand to his cheek and hope he can t feel the pulse, like a drumbeat, in my wrist. Just as well that he doesn t seem to remember what I only said once, about me. Just as well. It s so long ago, long before Adam. 

As is clear from Table 2, zinc plates gave relatively deep images compared with those of the Photopolymer Plate. However, there is not much difference in the depth between those stereos obtained from zinc plates and the Photopolymer Plate, as shown in Table 3. This means that in reproduction work from a paper mold into a stereo, even if an effort is made to give more depth beyond necessity, it is not actually reproduced in the stereo. The Photopolymer Plate can show a satisfactory reproduceability if it has 30-40 urn depth in the shadow area. Further evaluations were made on isolated lines (in case of 60-150 jim line width) and depth in reverse area for their reproduceability onto paper surface, and the results were more stable than those with metal plates. Stereos can be also made with polypropylene as well as with lead. 

Fig. 1.3 Relaxation map of polyisoprene results from dielectric spectroscopy (inverse of maximum loss frequency/w// symbols), rheological shift factors (solid line) [7], and neutron scattering pair correlation ((r(Q=1.44 A )) empty square) [8] and self correlation ((t(Q=0.88 A" )) empty circle) [9],methyl group rotation (empty triangle) [10]. The shadowed area indicates the time scales corresponding to the so-called fast dynamics [11]...

Fig. 4.15 Momentum transfer (Q)-dependence of the characteristic time r(Q) of the a-relaxation obtained from the slow decay of the incoherent intermediate scattering function of the main chain protons in PI (O) (MD-simulations). The solid lines through the points show the Q-dependencies of z(Q) indicated. The estimated error bars are shown for two Q-values. The Q-dependence of the value of the non-Gaussian parameter at r(Q) is also included (filled triangle) as well as the static structure factor S(Q) on the linear scale in arbitrary units. The horizontal shadowed area marks the range of the characteristic times t mr- The values of the structural relaxation time and are indicated by the dashed-dotted and dotted lines, respectively (see the text for the definitions of the timescales). The temperature is 363 K in all cases. (Reprinted with permission from [105]. Copyright 2002 The American Physical Society)...

The theoretical resolution capability of shadow printing (using a conventional photoresist) with a mask consisting of equal lines and spaces of width b is given by (2)... 

Fig. 16.20 Electron micrographs of synthetic associations between iron oxides and Si-miner-als. Normal (a, b) and shadowed (c, d) kaolinite - 6-line ferrihydrite associations at pH 3 (a, d) and 9 (b, c) (Saleh Jones, 1984 with permis-...

Fig. 4.4.7 Models for the surface structures of thiol-modified Agl particles. The shadow represents the inner part of particles. The solid and dashed lines show the surface and adsorbed ions, respectively. Structure A stands for the half-filled model and B for highest coverage model. (From Ref. 10.)...

Fig. 9. Phase diagrams of quasi-ternary systems containing two different molecular weight samples a PHIC-toluene with (Ni, N2) = (4.46,0.38) [73] b schizophyllan-water system with (Nt, N2) = (0.930, 0.0765) [75,76]. (O, A) experimental coexisting isotropic phase ( , , ) experimental coexisting anisotropic phase dashed segments, experimental tie lines the shadowed triangular region, the IAA triphasic region thick full curves, theoretical binodals thin full segments, theoretical tie lines...

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