Serum albumins, host proteins

Reetz and Jiao demonstrated the use of phthalocyanine-copper complex (267) in combination with a number of serum albumins as protein hosts in enantioselective Diels-Alder reactions of cyclopentadiene with azachalcones (Scheme 17.60) [86]. The combination of achiral Lewis acid (267) and bovine serum albumin as chiral host was determined to be optimal, giving the desired cycloadducts in good to excellent selectivities. Human, porcine, and sheep serum albumins also gave significant enantioselectivity, while rabbit and chicken-egg serum albumins resulted in nearly racemic cycloadduct. 

A few important substances that are routinely analyzed in a clinical laboratory with the aid of an Autoanalyzer are, namely serum-glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) creatine-phophokinase (CPK) alkaline-phosphatase (AP) belonging to the class of enzymes and a host of biochemical substances, for instance bilirubin, serum albumin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid, creatinine, total protein, glucose, cholesterol, besides a few common inorganic ions, such as Cl, Ca2+, K+, Na+. 

Cell Culture-Derived Media-Derived Protein Impurities. Immunoassays can detect low impurity levels (<1 ppm).4 The ELISA is probably one of the most sensitive analytical methods. If bovine serum is used as a media component, then testing should include ELISAs for bovine serum albumin (BSA), bovine transferrin, bovine fetuin, and bovine IgG. Often hormones and growth factors, such as insulin or insulinlike growth factor, are used as media components. ELISAs should be used to detect and quantitate these residuals in the various production steps as well as in the final product. There are commercially available antibodies to most commonly used media components. If proprietary media components are used, then the same investment in time and effort is required for the production of specific antibodies, as described above for host cell impurities. 

To become immunogenic, a hapten has to be linked with a large molecule, such as a protein, prior to its introduction into the host animal. Several proteins can act as such carrier molecules including bovine serum albumin, human serum albumin, ovalbumin, thyroglobulin, poly-L-lysine, and hemocyanin. Among these proteins, bovine serum albumin is most commonly used because it is inexpensive, readily available, very soluble, highly immunogenic, and, in addition, resists denaturatlon (3). 

Proteins of host origin, including immunoglobulins and bovine serum albumin, have been identified in cyst fluids of several taeniid cestodes including E. granulosus (Fig. 6.2) and E. multilocularis (492, 754), T. taeniaeformis and T. crassiceps (624) and T. saginata (470). How these proteins enter the cysts is not known but it may be... 

In monoclonal antibody purification, biological risks are primarily related to the host animal cells, but also to animal supplements for culture medium such as fetal bovine serum or pure proteins (e.g., bovine albumin, insulin, and transferrin). A special risk associated with production of antibodies with rodent cell lines is their high load of C-type particles. These particles are considered as incomplete retroviruses. The danger regarding infecting humans is not clear. Thus, the efficient separation of these particles must be guaranteed. These particles are quantified either by immunological techniques or electron microscopy. 

Serum albumins have been employed as hosts for the photo-Fries rearrangement of 4-methoxy-l-naphthyl esters, at site I (acetate) and site II (monoglutarate) of the proteins. A species- and site-dependent quantum yield of product formation is observed the best results are obtained within site I of bovine serum albumin. ... 

The EPR linewidths of Gd(III) complexed with cacodylate buffer and bovine albumin serum have been obtained which were consistent with the action of Gd(III) as a paramagnetic relaxation probe with the same protein [44]. A host of inorganic and organic ligands including amino acids and nucleotides complexed with Gd(III) were studied and two types of peaks were observed (i.e.) narrow symmetric peaks and broad asymmetric peaks [45],... 

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