Septal wall

Conidiophores dark, erect, geniculate due to sympodial development. Conidia multiseptate, cylindrical to oblong, dark, with septal walls thickened. Conidiophores hyaline to subhyaline, hyphalike or distinct. Conidiogenous cells annellides that are cylindrical to lageniform. Conidia one to several celled (one species), hyaline to pale brown, accumulating in balls at the apices of the annellides. Phaeococcomyces synanamorph often present. 

Figure 11.1 Ultrastructure of the human lung alveolar barrier. The tissue specimen is obtained via lung resection surgery. (A) Section through a septal wall of an alveolus. The wall is lined by a thin cellular layer formed by alveolar epithelial type I cells (ATI). Connective tissues (ct) separate ATI cells from the capillary endothelium (en) within which an erythrocyte (er) and granulocyte (gc) can be seen. The minimal distance between the alveolar airspace (ai) and erythrocyte is about 800-900 nm. The endothelial nucleus is denoted as n. (B) Details of the lung alveolar epithelial and endothelial barriers. Numerous caveolae (arrows) are seen in the apical and basal plasma membranes of an ATI cell as well as endothelial cell (en) membranes. Caveolae may partake transport of some solutes (e.g., albumin). (C) ATII cells (ATII) are often localised in the comers of alveoli where septal walls branch off. (D) ATII cells are characterised by numerous multilamellar bodies (mlb) which contain components of surfactant. A mitochondrion is denoted as mi.

Fig. 7.15 Number of capillaries per mm in anterolateral, posterior, and septal walls of studied heart. (A) Anti-factor Vlll-associated antigen counterstained with hematoxylin. (B) Anti-smooth muscle-actin antigen counterstained with hematoxylin. (C) Capillaries reacted with anti-factor VIII-associated antigen inside fibrotic areas only in anterolateral and posterior walls, n = 108 microscope fields for A 96...

Patients with the non-obstructive form of hypetrophic cardiomyopathy should not undergo septal ablation. Patients with congential anomalies of the mitral valve apparatus, associated heart lesions (e.g., advanced multivessel coronary artery disease) requiring surgical correction, unfavorable distribution of septal hypertrophy with mild proximal thickening, basal septal wall thickness < 18 mm, or anatomically unsuitable septal perforators should not be candidates for septal ablation. 

S1-S2 branches (Figures 4.28 and 4.29, and Table 4.1A(6)) In this case the area at risk involves more or less extensively, according to the number of septal branches involved, the septal wall. Often the involvement is especially of mid-apical septal part because the LAD incomplete occlusion is distal and also with certain extension towards the anterior wall. This occlusion is rarely located in the SI or S2 branches. In Figure 4.29B, C the involved area and the polar map are shown. The most affected segments are 2 and 8 and, sometimes, part of segments 3,9 and 14. 

It is called septal infarction because it corresponds to infarcted area that involves more or less extensive part of septal wall (especially segments 8, 9 and 14) (Figures 5.10 and 5.11). The midinferior segments (especially segments 8 and 9)... 

It is called extensive anterior infarction because it corresponds to large areas of not only the anterior and septal walls, but also the low- and... 

The pattern of the extensive anterior infarction is usually explained by proximal LAD occlusion,above the take-off of the SI and D1 branches. Naturally, the infarction also extends to the apical area and here the four walls are always involved (except when the LAD is very short). But the difference with the apical-anterior infarction lies in that in the latter although an-teroseptal wall maybe involved, the basal portion of LV is spared and the involvement of lateral wall is lesser. The extensive anterior infarction, on the other hand, reaches the mid-lateral wall and the basal areas in some walls, generally the anterior and septal walls, but not lateral wall (Figure 5.18), because as we have already said the basal segments of lateral wall, even the anterior portion, are perfused by the LCX (OM) (see Figure 5.4C). 

The presence ofrwave > 1 mm in VR suggests that the involvement of septal wall is probably scarce or inexistent and supports the involvement of low-lateral wall. 

Gadolinium MRI confirms that in the presence of abnormal intraventricular conduction, such as LBBBs, the presence of a Q wave in VL (along with a Q wave in I and sometimes in precordial leads) means that the infarction caused by a proximal occlusion of LAD above the diagonal branches involves all the anterior and septal walls, with also mid-lateral wall involvement (Figure 5.52). 

Figure 5.47 Patient with complete RBBB and myocardial infarction type A-3 (extensive anterior Ml). Observe the Q wave in precordial leads and the QS morphology in VL. In CE-CMR images (A-E) show important involvement of lateral, anterior and septal walls, and even the lower part...

LAD does not wrap the apex. In the transverse transection in CMR (A-C) is well seen that the Ml involves the greatest part of anterior and septal walls with also lateral extension but preserving the high lateral wall (A), because it is perfused by LCX, and the inferior wall because the LAD is not long. 

However, though the infarction involves the entire anterior and septal walls, it does not involve the high lateral wall (which is perfused by the LCX), but rather the low-middle lateral one. The presence of a... 

The parameters that describe the normal blood flow through the aortic valve are the velocity profile, time course of the blood velocity or flow, and magnitude of the peak velocity. These are determined in part by the pressure difference between the ventricle and aorta and by the geometry of the aortic valve complex. As seen in Figure 55.3, the velocity profile at the level of the aortic valve annulus is relatively flat. However there is usually a slight skew toward the septal wall (less than 10% of the center-line velocity) which is caused by the orientation of the aortic valve relative to the long axis of the left ventricle. This skew... 

EPSS separation of the mitral leaflets from the septal wall during the early wave of mitral flow (mm)... 

Fig. 10.3. Papillary projections in ovarian cancer. On a parasagittal T2-weighted image, a cystic ovarian lesion with sep-tations and multiple papillary projections is demonstrated. Some small isolated papillary projections are located at the base of the lesion arrow). At the top, a 1.5-cm papillary projection protrudes into the fluid-filled cavity. At the posterior aspect of the tumor, septal wall thickening and coalescence of papillary projections forming hroad-based formations (long arrow) is demonstrated. Papillary projections typically display low signal intensity on T2-weighted image. B, bladder...

Fig. 20.5a-d. Contrast-enhanced DSCT of the heart performed in a 58-year-old male patient who had suffered a large myocardial infarction of the anterior and septal wall of the left ventricle (i.e., the vascular supply territory of the LAD). A se-... 

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