Sensors molten metal

Fray, D.J. (1996) The use of solid electrolytes as sensors for applications in molten metals, Solid State Ionics 86/8, 1045-54. 

The zirconia-based pump-sensor device can be used for controlling the oxygen partial pressure in closed systems typical applications include the oxygen permeation flux measurements, oxygen monitoring in molten metals, and coulometric titration. 

Solid electrolyte sensors are particularly well suited to high-temperature aggressive environments, and have been used to meet chemical sensing demands in both gaseous and molten metal environments. 

Seetharaman, S. and Sichen, D. (1996) Development and application of electrochemical sensors for molten metals processing, in Emerging Separation Technologies for Metals II (ed. R.G. Bautista), The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale. PA. 

Kale, G.M. and Kurchania, R. (1999) Online electrochemical sensors in molten metal processing technology A review. Ceram. Trans., 92 (Electrochemistry of Glass and Ceramics), 195-220. 

Zirconia Sensors for Measurement of Gas Concentration in Molten Metals... 

FIGURE 4.9 Temperature dependence of emf for zirconia single-crystal sensors with a molten metal-metal oxide RE. Measuring gas is air. ( ) In-i-lnjOj RE and (o) Bi-BijOj RE. Symbols with full line represent data taken during heating and cooling. (From Zhuiykov, S., Zirconia single crystal analyser for low-temperature measurements, Proc. Control and Quality 11 (1998) 23-37. With permission.)... 

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