Self-organization, spontaneous

In the other type of self-organization (dynamic self-organization), spontaneous ordering of the systems occurs under thermodynamically non-equilibrium conditions, in which various ordered structures with wavelengths tens to hundreds of thousands times larger than the size of the system components are formed by spatiotemporal synchronization of various factors [10-12]. The spatiotemporal order... 

In parallel with the studies described above, which concern perfectly deterministic equations of evolution, it appeared necessary to complete the theory by studying the spontaneous fluctuations. Near equilibrium, any deviation is rapidly damped but near a bifurcation point, a fluctuation may may lead the system across the barrier. The fluctuation is then stabilized, or even amplified this is the origin of the phenomenon which Prigogine liked calling creation of order through fluctuations. More specifically, one witnesses in this way a step toward self-organization. 

These monolayers form themselves spontaneously by adsorption of suitable components from a diluted solution directly onto a surface. The formation of ordered and orientated monomolecular layers by spontaneous adsorption from a diluted solution is called self-assembling, the respective layers are called self-assembled monolayers (SAM) or self-organized monolayers. In the first part of this review, the coating of surfaces with functionalized SAMs will be examined. After that, some aspects of the attachment of the biomolecules onto these SAM-modified surfaces will be discussed. 

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are the most widely studied nonnatural self-assembly systems. They are generally spontaneously formed from chemisorption and self-organization of organic molecules onto appropriate surfaces. 

Micelle formation is a nice example of self-organization under thermodynamic control. Following the addition of some liquid soap in water at a concentration higher than the cmc, spherical micellar aggregates spontaneously form. This process takes place with a negative free-energy change - actually the process is attended by an increase of entropy. 

Self-organization systems under thermodynamic control (spontaneous processes with a negative free-energy change), such as supramolecular complexes, crystallization, surfactant aggregation, certain nano-structures, protein folding, protein assembly, DNA duplex. 

The spontaneous emergence of order at critical points of instability is one of the most important concepts of the new understanding of life. It is technically known as self-organization and is often referred to simply as emergence . It has been recognized as the dynamic origin of development, learning and evolution. 

Polyether containing 2,2 -bipyridil units 8 spontaneously forms a double helicate 9 by multiple coordination with Cu+ ions [13]. This process of self-organization is enforced by the proper orientation of coordinated bipyridyl units analogous to that shown in Figure 1.2. It is characterized by a positive cooperativity yielding no partly assembled species. 

Self-organization could be considered as a set intersecting self-assembly, ordered self-assembly, that would (1) contain the systems presenting a spontaneous emergence of order in either space or time or both (2) cover spatial (structural) and temporal (dynamic) order of both equilibrium structures and of non-equilibrium, dissipative structures, incorporating non-linear chemical processes, energy flow and the arrow of time (3) concern only the non-covalent, supramolecular level (4) be... 

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