Self-bombardment process

The static charge of the fracture surfaces leads to acceleration of the emitted electrons, modifying their energy distributions. A large portion of the EE is pulled back to the surface resulting in a self-bombardment process. This results in the emission of ions (NIE and PIE)(8.9,2S,30) and excited neutrals( o) (NE ) via electron stimulated desorption (ESD).(6i)... 

The K(3 IKOi x-ray intensity ratio is an easily measurable quantity with relatively high precision and has been studied extensively for /f-x-ray emission by radioactive decay, photoionization, and charged-particle bombardment (1-3). Except for the case of heavy-ion impact where multiple ionization processes are dominant, it is generally accepted that this ratio is a characteristic quantity for each element. The experimental results are usually compared with the theoretical values for a single isolated atom and good agreement is obtained with the relativistic self-consistent-field calculations by Scofield (4). 

Stimuh in measurement may affect the data acquired. For example, in mechanical strength detection, the stress-strain profiles of a nanosolid may not be symmetric under tension and compression, and the flow stress is strain rate, loading mode, and materials compactness as well as size distribution dependent. However, one could not expect to cover the fluctuations of mechanical (strain rate, stress direction, loading mode, etc), thermal (self-heating during process and electron bombardment in TEM), crystal structure orientation, or grain-size... 

A self-sustaining nuclear process, in which the bombarding particles needed to produce the fission of further material are themselves produced as the... 

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