Seismology data

Figure 15 Comparison of different estimates of the major-element composition of the hulk continental crust. All data normalized to the new composition given here (Table 10, R G ) gray shading depicts 10% variation from this composition, (a) Models based on seismological data (Rudnick and Fountain, 1995 Wedepohl, 1995 Gao et al., 1998a Christensen and Mooney, 1995 and Smithson, 1978). (b) Models based on both surface exposures (Holland and Lambert, 1972 Weaver and Tarney, 1984 Shaw et al., 1986) and Taylor and McLennan s (1985, 1995)...

Webb, S. J. 2002. The use of potential field and seismological data to analyse the structure of the lithosphere beneath southern Africa. PhD thesis. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. 

Stacey FD, Brennan BJ, Irvine RD (1981) Finite strain theories and comparisons with seismological data. Geophys Surveys 4 189-232... 

In addition, as an alternative model, a pattern for the southern areas of the Russian Far East, developed by Sakhalin seismologists was considered (Oskoibin Bobkov 1997). In this model, lineaments were not marked. It contains only the areal PES zones. For the development and analysis of both models we have used the published geological, geophysical and seismological data for South Primorye (Fig. 1). 

Thus, taking into account the considered geological, geophysical, and seismological data to evaluate the seismic hazard for the area of Nakhodka two alternative patterns of PES zones were chosen ... 

For applications only interpreting compressional waves (P-waves), like some active-source experiments, the so-called ocean-bottom hydrophones (OBH) can be used. This kind of instrument is equipped solely with a hydrophone. When combined with three-component seismological data, the additional pressure channel can be used to remove water-bounce phases from seismic signals (the pressure and seismic signals from water bounces have different polarities see Blackman et al. 1995) and at low frequencies (less than approximately 0.1 Hz) remove low-frequency noise on the vertical seismometer channel (Webb and Crawford 1999) and determine the physical properties of the seafloor ( seafloor compliance, e.g., Crawford et al. 1991). 

In a free-fall deployment, no method is known to assure that the OBS seismometers north axis is aligned with geographic north. For active-source experiments, the orientation of the horizontal components is not always important, but it is essential for many passive seismological methods (e.g., receiver functions, shear wave splitting). There are two main approaches to identify the OBS orientation direct determination by an additional sensor or indirect estimation by analyzing the seismological data. 

Updated hazard assessment for the site, based on new seismological data and/or improved analyses, that increases the intensity of the design earthquake for the various limit states ... 

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