Sediment interlayered

Fine-grained reservoir sediments Interlayered silt, sand, gravel Coarse-grained sand and gravel Low-conductivity Belt metasediments... 

The ion exchange model is most commonly applied in geochemistry to describe the interaction of major cationic species with clay minerals, or the clay mineral fraction of a sediment it has also been applied to zeolites and other minerals, and to ions besides the major cations (e.g., Viani and Bruton, 1992). As the name suggests, the model treats not the sorption and desorption of a species on the surface and in the interlayers of the clay, but the replacement of one ion there by another. 

Z-4A), and zeolite H-ZSM-5. The interlayer distance varied by the intercalation was determined from X-ray diffraction patterns. The interlayer space of the crystalline zeolite is separated by the three-dimensional cage structures. The mean diameters of particles were approximately 1 ym. Such small particles formed very stable suspensions with no sign of sedimentation over the time course of the kinetic measurements. The analytical techniques used to obtain the equilibrium concentration are described elsewhere (10-22). All samples were equilibrated for 24-72 h after preparation. The temperature was controlled at 25 °C. 

The carboxyl group (-COOH) of organic acids interacts either directly with the interlayer cation or by forming a hydrogen bond with the water molecules coordinated to the exchangeable cation on the soil-solid and sediment-solid clay... 

Although partially organized dioctahedral chlorites form readily in soils, there are relatively few reported in sedimentary rocks. (More dioctahedral chlorites probably exist than have been recognized.) Swindale and Fan in 1967 reported the alteration of gibbsite deposited in Waimea Bay off the coast of Kauai, Hawaii, to chlorite but no data were obtained on its composition. Dioctahedral chloritic clays have been reported forming in recent marine sediments however, the identification is indirect and the interlayer material is relatively sparse (Grim and Johns, 1954). 

Up the section, the Old Euxinian deposits are gradually replaced by the sediments of the Uzunlarian Formation (end of the Middle Pleistocene). The boundary between these formations is rather conventional it is traced by the reduction in the number of brackish-water mollusk species and the increase in the abundance of the representatives of euryhaline Mediterranean fauna. In the stratotypical section on the coast of Lake Uzunlarian, this formation is represented by two layers. The lower layer is formed by clayey sands and silts, which, along with brackish-water and fresh-water mollusks and benthic foraminifers, contain numerous shells of euryhaline Mediterranean mollusks (Cerastoderma glaucum, Abra ovata, and others). Above, one finds gray-green clays with interlayers of coquina matter mostly formed by marine Mediterranean species. 

One test of the method was conducted over a medium-sized iron-copper deposit near the southeastern coast of China. The ore body occurs in a skam near to the contact of granodiorite with interlayered marbles and homfels. The attitude of the ore body is controlled by the contact, which generally is steep. The strike of the ore zones is approximately east-west, plunging west, and their western contact is westerly convex. The top of the ore body, which may have been eroded, is now covered by 140 to 160 m of transported sediments. There is a thick soil cover the ground surface is quite flat and suitable for arable farming. 

Further investigations were carried out over a large lead-zinc ore body in China, in which ore zones occur in both flanks of a reverse anticline. The ore is richer in the eastern flank, where it is controlled by an interlayer breccia zone. Smaller amounts of ore occur in fractures and fissures in siliceous limestone. The ore body is buried beneath 350 m of barren rock in the south and warps up northward, where it is buried beneath 250 m of barren rock.. The ore is richer in the north than in the south. The hangingwall rocks are conglomerates and red-bed sediments, in which interstitial water is abundant. The topography of the area is mgged. The soil is brick red and 0.8 to 10 m thick. 

Laminar Consists of sheets of laminated carbonate, in which the laminae are on a millimetre-scale. The term is synonymous with soilstone crust . Some forms are dark in colour. They commonly occur capping hardpan layers but can also occur within chalky layers or in the host sediment or soil. They can be interlayered with pisolitic calcretes on a centimetre-scale. Most are only a few centimetres thick but some forms can reach 2 m and can be... 

In a survey of U.S. stream sediments, Kennedy (1965) concluded that the makeup and properties of the stream sediments essentially equaled that of local soils. In the eastern states (50 to 150 cm precipitation), dominant clays in the <4 jum (0.004 mm) fraction were illite, kaolinite, ver-miculite, and interlayered clays, with a CEC of 14 to 28 meq/lOOg. In central and west-central states (25 to 100 cm precipitation) Kennedy found dominant smectite, vermiculite, mixed-layer illite, kaolinite, quartz, and feldspar in the <4 /zm fraction, with a CEC range of 25 to 65 meq/100 g. In California and Oregon, because of the wide range of wet and dry conditions (<25 to >200 cm precipitation), clays were highly variable, and had a range of CEC s from 18 to 65 meq/l(X) g for the <4 /um fraction. 

---