Seaweeds antifouling

Nylund GM, Gribben PE, de Nys R, Steinberg PD, Pavia H (2007) Surface chemistry versus whole-cell extracts antifouling tests with seaweed metabolites. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 329 73-84 Ogden J (1976) Some aspects of herbivore-plant relationships on Caribbean reefs and seagrass beds. Aq Bot 2 103-116... 

Schmitt TM, Lindquist N, Hay ME (1998) Seaweed secondary metabolites as antifoulants effects of Dictyota spp. diterpenes on survivorship, settlement, and development of invertebrate larvae. Chemoecology 8 125-131... 

Hay ME, Pawlik JR, Duffy JE, Fenical W (1989) Seaweed-herbivore-predator interactions host plant specialization reduces predation on small herbivores. Oecologia 81 418—427 Hellio C, De La Broise D, Dufosse L, Le Gal Y, Bourgougnon N (2001) Inhibition of marine bacteria by extracts of macroalgae potential use for environmentally friendly antifouling paints. Mar Environ Res 52 231-247... 

Small sedentary grazers such as amphipods appear to select chemically defended seaweeds as host plants since they would otherwise be subject to intense predation by reef fishes however, they do not sequester metabolites as do other selective grazers such as sacoglossans and opistobranch molluscs.105 109 Grazing by amphipods induces increased concentrations of acutilol A acetate and acutilol B in Dictyopteris menstrualis and makes the seaweed less susceptible to attack by other predators 112 the same terpenes acted as antifoulants which prevented the settlement of bryozoan larvae.107 This evidence for multiple roles for algal metabolites may provide an explanation of previously documented differences in chemical composition in Dictyota.113... 

Schmitt, T. M., Hay, M. E., and Lindquist, N., Antifouling and herbivore deterrent roles of seaweed secondary metabolites constraints on chemically-mediated coevolution, Ecology, 76, 107, 1995. 

Are there general patterns in the production of natural antifoulants by marine organisms Research on seaweeds (reviewed above and by de Nys and Steinberg28) and evidence from marine... 

Dwoijanyn, S.A., Chemically mediated antifouling and the cost of producing secondary metabolites in seaweeds, Ph.D. thesis, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, 2000. 

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