Scientific investigation, importance

Each observation in any branch of scientific investigation is inaccurate to some degree. Often the accurate value for the concentration of some particular constituent in the analyte cannot be determined. However, it is reasonable to assume the accurate value exists, and it is important to estimate the limits between which this value lies. It must be understood that the statistical approach is concerned with the appraisal of experimental design and data. Statistical techniques can neither detect nor evaluate constant errors (bias) the detection and elimination of inaccuracy are analytical problems. Nevertheless, statistical techniques can assist considerably in determining whether or not inaccuracies exist and in indicating when procedural modifications have reduced them. 

In 1894 Schraube and Schmidt s discovery provided the starting point for many scientific investigations and proved to be of great technological importance. It was also the cause of a controversy which was probably the second most notorious in organic chemistry, after the conflict of views on classical versus nonclassical car-bocations. 

In addition, we acknowledge the important contributions of many colleagues to the various scientific investigations treated by us in the course of years. They are A. Baumgartner, K. Binder, J.L. Fetters, J.S. Huang, U. Maschke, R. Oeser and B. Stiihn. 

It is difficult to define unequivocally the quality of fabric handle or softness/firmness differences, since this involves many factors. It is often linked with lubrication, especially as similar products are often used for softening and lubrication. Whilst experienced assessors can be quite remarkable in the extent to which they can grade and assess softeners simply by means of a highly developed tactile sense, more objective methods are clearly desirable for scientific investigations. Since many factors combine in producing an overall sense of softness, it is not surprising that objective determination of softness involves more than one parameter of measurement. The details of assessment are outside the scope of this chapter, but descriptions and discussions are available elsewhere [478-481]. Suffice it to say here that the Kawabata system has acquired considerable importance in quantifying various aspects of fabric handle. 

An important procedure for the synthesis of cyclopentenones is the so-called Pauson-Khand reaction, which constitutes a formal [2 + 2 + 1] cycloaddition of an alkene, an alkyne, and carbon monoxide. Due to the increase in structural diversity of the available starting materials, the reaction has become an attractive target for scientific investigations [1-8]. The first successful example was reported by Pauson, Khand et al [9] in 1973 for the conversion of norbornene with the phenylacetylene-hexacarbonyldicobalt complex to give the corresponding cyclopentenone in 45% yield (Eq. 1). 

Cnzyme-catalyzed modifications of proteins deserve much more work and therefore must be considered as an important field for further scientific investigations. In spite of the prolific research carried out in this area during the past three decades, a number of enzymatic modifications not only are poorly investigated or understood but attempts to apply them to food protein systems are nonexistent. The fundamental aspects of enzymatic modification of proteins are of interest since potential applications for nutritional and functional improvements of food proteins appear to be numerous and promising. Enzymatic and chemical modifi-... 

Of course, the comprehensiveness of the experiment is also of great importance. However, only the conditions which enter into the question of scientific investigations are of interest here. We shall, therefore, waive the repetition of the technical arrangements for organic electrochemical processes. 

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