Scherrer nanocomposites

The average size of magnetite and hydroxyapatite crystallites was calculated in accordance to (311) and (002) X-ray diffraction peaks, respectively, with the use of the Scherrer formula. The thickness of the hydroxyapatite layer on the surface of magnetite nanoparticles was 4 nm, which was evaluated by the area ratio of Fe2p- and Fe3p-lines (studied by X-ray photoelectronic spectroscopy) and the increase in the Fe304/HA nanocomposite mass ( 30%). 

The TEM, high-resolution TEM and FESEM images of ZnO nanoparticles and FESEM images of PS/ZnO nanocomposite films (Figure 12.9) show the surface morphology. The average particle diameters determined from the XRD peaks using the Debye-Scherrer formula are found to be close to those based on TEM and FESEM analysis. 

In 1910, Kolbe was the first to prove that dichroic nanocomposite samples based on gold contained the metal indeed in its zero-valence state. Such affirmation was confirmed a few years later by X-ray scattering. In particular, it was shown that zero-valence silver and gold were present in the respective nanocomposites made with oriented ramie fibers, and the ring-like interference patterns of the metal crystallites showed that the individual primary crystallites were not oriented (32). Based on Scherrer s equation, which was developed just in this period, the average particle diameter of silver and gold crystallites was determined in fibers of ramie, hemp, bamboo, silk, wool, viscose, and cellulose acetate to be between 5 and 14 nm (33). 

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