Scattering, from ionic solutions

J. H. R. Clarke, G. J. Hills, C. J. Oliver, and J. M. Vaughan. Rayleigh light scattering from ionic solutions and ionic association reactions. J. Chem. Phys., 67 2810-2813 (1974). 

Goyal, P.S., Menon, S.V.G. Role of van der Waaals forces on small angle neutron scattering from ionic micellar solutions. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1993, 211(6), 559-563. 

Na+-0H2 at bond distances of 2.03 A. At 38 weight percent caustic a NaOH 3.6H20 composition is found at 536 GPL (25). In these very concentrated solutions, formation of Na+OH" ion - pairs is assumed to exist. Even though it may not be generally agreed that it is justifiable to draw detailed conclusions about structures of ionic solutions from their x-ray scattering patterns, it is possible to obtain information about the structure and immediate environment of certain ions in this manner (25) (27). 

J. E. Enderby and G. W. Neilson, X-ray and neutron scattering by aqueous solutions of electrolytes, in Water A Comprehensive Treatise, Vol. 6 (F. Franks, ed.). Plenum Press, New York, 1979. See also A. H. Narten and R. L. Hahn, Direct determination of ionic solvation from neutron diffraction. Science 217 1249 (1982). 

Figure 7.6 Electrophoretic mobility in dilute solutions is independent of molecular weight at all salt concentrations. The ionic strength / is indicated for each data set. Data are from capillary electrophoresis and electrophoretic light scattering. (From Hoagland, D. et al., Macromolecules, 32, 6180, 1999. With permission.)...

The outer layer (beyond the compact layer), referred to as the diffuse layer (or Gouy layer), is a three-dimensional region of scattered ions, which extends from the OHP into the bulk solution. Such an ionic distribution reflects the counterbalance between ordering forces of the electrical field and the disorder caused by a random thermal motion. Based on the equilibrium between these two opposing effects, the concentration of ionic species at a given distance from the surface, C(x), decays exponentially with the ratio between the electro static energy (zF) and the thermal energy (R 7). in accordance with the Boltzmann equation ... 

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