Scatter coefficient

The expression exp(-cxx) describes the reduction of the wave amplitude in absorbing materials. The damping coefficient a can be split into an absorption coefficient Oa and the scattering coefficient Oj. 

When both absorption and scattering are present, the Beer-Lambert law must be replaced by the Kubelka-Munk equation employing the absorption and scattering coefficients iC and S, respectively. This gives the redectivity... 

Other measurements important to visual air quality are pollutant related, i.e., the size distribution, mass concentration, and number concentration of airborne particles and their chemical composition. From the size distribution, the Mie theory of light scattering can be used to calculate the scattering coefficient (20). Table 14-2 summarizes the different types of visual monitoring methods (21). 

Scattering Coefficient measure of the ability of particles to scatter light measured in number proportional to the "amount" of light scattered per unit distance. 

Wavelength of Primary Beam, A Exciting Potential, V Scattering Coefficient, a Photoelectric Absorption Coefficient, T cr/r... 

Complex processes are involved in transmittance and reflectance of scattered radiation, which are theoretically described by Schuster [4]. In an ideal scattering medium all fluxes of light can be summed up as components of two vectors. Vector I stands for the light flux in the direction of the incident light, and the vector J describes the light intensity in the antiparallel direction. With k, the absorption coefficient, and 5", the scattering coefficient, the two Schuster equations are as follows ... 

Charge-transfer excitations from odd ligand levels to the even metal ys and y>3 levels clearly represent formally Laporte-allowed u - -g transitions, and consequently should be intense. Ligand to metal transitions involving even ligand orbitals are of course also possible, but would be parity forbidden and are therefore rather seldom observed. For many of the ions here treated though the data are derived from reflectance measurements and the intensity criterion is of limited value because of the increase in the scattering coefficient which usually occurs above about 25 kK. [c.f. (7)]. 

K is the absorption coefficient, a function of the frequency v S is the scattering coefficient... 

If the scattering coefficient does not depend on the infrared frequency, the Kubelka-Munk function transforms the measured spectrum RJ V) into the absorption spectrum K v). In situ cells for DRIFT studies of catalysts have been described [10] and are commercially available. 

Since then, number of researcher have studied and experimented with TRS including Chance and Oda [61] [63] [76] [80] [81] [73] [82] [113] [114], TRS instruments rely on a picosecond pulsed laser with a detector that is designed to detect the time evolution of the light intensity [44], With the time profile of light intensity through the medium, it is possible to measure both absorption and reduced scattering coefficients [32], A ma-... 

This analytical approach is difficult to apply to individual pigments because physical data relating to refractive index, dispersion curves and the absorption curves in the solid state are not available. A colligative approach, based on the Kubelka-Munk analysis which characterises pigments by only two constants, an absorption and a scattering coefficient, has been applied with considerable success to the computation of the proportions of pigments in mixtures needed to match a given colour. Much of the book Colour physics for industry is devoted to this topic [37]. 

The tinctorial strength in white reductions is thus quantitatively defined by the Kubelka-Munk relation between the spectral absorption coefficient K and the spectral scattering coefficient S in which [ refers to the reflection of a completely opaque layer. The ratio K/S is proportional to the tinctorial strength. 

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