Scatter-based systems

The local gas holdup and bubble behavior were measured by a reflective optic fiber probe developed by Wang and co-workers [21,22]. It can be known whether the probe is im-merging in the gas. The rate of the time that probe immerg-ing in the gas and the total sample time is gas holdup. Gas velocity can be got by the time difference that one bubble touch two probes and the distance between two probes. Chord length can be obtained from one bubble velocity and the time that the probe stays in the bubble. Bubble size distribution is got from the probability density of the chord length based on some numerical method. The local liquid velocity in the riser was measured by a backward scattering LDA system (system 9100-8, model TSI). Details have been given by Lin et al. [23]. 

The patents quoted in Table 20 do not give information on the effect of polymerization temperature on reaction rates, molar mass, MMD and cis-1,4-contents. This information is scattered in various scientific reports. The reports which are valuable in this context are summarized in Table 21 for binary Nd catalyst systems and in Table 22 for carboxylate-based systems. 

Fig. 5.3 Schematic illustration of a fs-laser-based hyper-Raman scattering microscope system. BPF narrow band-pass filter, DM dichroic mirror, SPF shortpass filter...

M. A. Stroscio and M. Dutta, Biologically-inspired chemically-directed self-assembly of semiconductor quantum-dot-based systems Phonon-hole scattering in DNA bound to DNA-quantum-dot complexes, IntemationalJoumal of High Speed Electronics, in press, 2006. 

The triangulation approach is useful in the testing of threc-dimensioanl shapes to determine variations in depth by measuring scattered light from a surface illuminated by two overlapping spots [30]. Such systems have been developed to measure tire tread depth but suffer from poor resultion and dynamic range. For these reasons, laser based systems have been developed for improved precision and accuracy. 

For a given polymer-solvent system, the sedimentation eoefficient is dependent on temperature, pressure and polymer concentration. For obtaining thermodynamic data from sedimentation eoefficients, one additionally has to measure the diffusion coefficient. This ean be made with an ultraeentrifuge in special diffusion cells or with dynamic light scattering based on the theory of Pecora. Nearly all diffusion coefficients have been measured by this method sinee it became available in 1970. The determination of sedimen-... 

Label-free optical detection systems can be divided into two main categories absorbance-based and scattering-based detection systems. Both types of systems utilize a (Hie-dimensirmal scanning approach. 

The number of Yb-based systems investigated by neutron scattering is smaller than that of the Ce-based systems. Also the division into VF and HF Yb-based... 

---