Scandium alloys with

Derivation Reduction of scandium fluoride with calcium or with zinc or magnesium alloy. Purification by distillation gives purity of 99+%. 

Yelagin, Y.I., Zakharov, V.V. and Rostova, T.D. (1992) Aluminum alloys alloyed with scandium, Metal Science and Thermotreatment of Metals No. 1, 24-28. 

Scandium is used mainly as an alloying metal for aluminum (Scandium.org 2015). A minor application is in metal halide light bulbs (Gendre 2003). Another minor application for the radioactive isotope scandium-46, with a half life of 84 days, is in oil refineries to monitor the movement of fractions during the refining process. 

One ternary compoimd ScNi4As2 has been synthesized by Jeitschko et al. (1990) (table 22). This paper is the only one about ternary alloys with scandium and arsenic. 

Isaacs (1973) measured the specific heat of a series of dilute gadolinium in scandium alloys in the temperature range 0.5 to 4.2 K. In alloys with less than 0.2 at% Gd, he observed a contribution to specific heat due to a solute-matrix... 

Scandium. Aluminum alloys with 0.15 to 0.6% scandium have been reported in recent years. Scandium addition up to 0.6% has a dramatic influence on strength and it does not adversely affect the resistance of Al-2.5 Mg alloys to pitting. 

The properties of aluminum alloys (mechanical, physical, and chemical) depend on alloy composition and microstructure as determined by casting conditions and thermomechanical processing. While certain metals alloy with Al rather readily [9], comparatively few have sufficient solubility to serve as major alloying elements. Of the commonly used alloying elements, magnesium, zinc, copper, and silicon have significant solubility, while a number of additional elements (with less that 1% total solubility) are also used to confer important improvements to alloy properties. Such elements include manganese, chromium, zirconium, titanium, and scandium [2,10]. 

In metals the electrons lose their association with individual atoms and the number of valence electrons is often used in rationalization schemes. Estimated enthalpies of formation for equi-atomic alloys, MM, of two elements of the first transition metal series are given as a function of the difference in number of valence electrons in Figure 7.13 [8], Compounds of a given common metal are given a specific symbol. For example, the scandium compounds ScM where M = Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Zn, are given by open circles. The metal M of the compound MM is... 

Within the lanthanides the first ones from La to Eu are the so-called light lanthanides, the other are the heavy ones. Together with the heavy lanthanides it may be useful to consider also yttrium the atomic dimensions of this element and some general characteristics of its alloying behaviour are indeed very similar to those of typical heavy lanthanides, such as Dy or Ho. An important subdivision within the lanthanides, or more generally within the rare earth metals, is that between the divalent ones (europium and ytterbium which have been described together with other divalent metals in 5.4) and the trivalent ones (all the others, scandium and yttrium included). 

Hydrogen reacts at elevated temperatures with many transition metals and their alloys to form hydrides. The electropositive elements are the most reactive, that is, scandium, yttrium, the lanthanides, the actinides and members of the titanium and vanadium groups (Figure 5.20). 

Scandium is present in some of the lanthanide minerals, but thortveitite, ScSioOy, is the usual source. The metal is made by the electrolysis of a fused mixture of ScClg, KCl and LiCl on a zinc cathode followed by volatilisation of the Zn at low pressure from the Zn-Sc alloy so formed. The metal is dimorphous, with f.c.c. and h.c.p. forms. Its m.p. is rather high, v/1400 . 

Scandium has few commercial uses. It is sometimes combined with other metals to make alloys. An alloy is made by melting and mixing two or more metals. The mixture has properties different from those of the... 

The Arsenazo III method has been utilized for determining Sc in minerals [51]. Scandium in mixtures with rare earth elements was determined by derivative spectrophotometry with the use of Chlorophosphonazo-p-Cl [27]. p-Acetyl-chlorophosphonazo with Ce(III) has been used for determining Sc in copper, aluminium, manganese, and magnesium alloys [28]. Traces of scandium in silicate rocks and sediments were determined with the use of Bromopyrogallol Red [43]. 

Scandium atoms in aluminum solid solution have the maximum value of binding energy with the vacancy [8] (see Tab.l) that can provide for additional strengthening for aluminum alloys containing Sc. 

Classification of alloying elements with respect to scandium effect ... 

There are no data about the interaction of scandium with the alkaline metals. Taking into consideration the large differences in the melting temperatures of Sc and lA elements the occurrence of immiscibility gaps in liquid and solid binary alloys are possible as they occur in the Sc-E (E = alkaline-earth element) alloys (see sect. 2.2). The absence of binary compounds in these systems is very likely. 

The interaction of scandium with the earth alkaUne elements is similar. An immis-cibility gap occurs in the liquid alloys and no binary compound exists in any of these systems. 

Chen and Duh (1988) reported the occurrence of the solid solution (Sco-o.2Ri-o.8)2Pei4B at 1000°C and variations of the lattice spacings within its homogeneity range (see table 27). The alloys are ferromagnetic. The Curie temperature of the alloys monotonically decrease with the increasing scandium content (see table 27). 

---