Scalable structuration example

Furthermore, hardware like multiprocessor workstations, which provide near-supercomputer performance within the UPSM programming model, are becoming available from several vendors (see chapter appendix). These machines are capable of exploiting the shared-memory parallelism that is already represented in code libraries such as LAPACK. Another important positive sign is that issues of scalable library construction have become more visible—for example, as an IEEE-sponsored workshop. " Such efforts, combined with the availability of software like ScaLAPACK as seed code, may well serve to crystallize the development of common data layout and program structure conventions. 

Using functional molecules as structural directors in the chemical polymerization bath can also produce polyaniline nanostructures. Such structural directors include surfactants [16-18], liquid crystals [19], polyelectrolytes (including DNA) [20,21], or complex bulky dopants [22-24]. It is believed that functional molecules can promote the formation of nanostructured soft condensed phase materials (e.g., micelles and emulsions) that can serve as soft templates for aniline polymerization (Figure 7.3). Polyelectrolytes such as polyacrylic acid, polystyrenesulfonic acid, and DNA can bind aniline monomer molecules, which can be polymerized in situ forming polyaniline nanowires along the polyelectrolyte molecules. Compared to templated syntheses, self-assembly routes are more scalable but they rely on the structural director molecules. It is also difficult to make nanostructures with small diameters (e.g., <50 nm). For example, in the dopant induced self-assembly route, very complex dopants with bulky side groups are needed to obtain nanotubes with diameters smaller than 100 nm, such as sulfonated naphthalene derivatives [23-25], fidlerenes [26], or dendrimers [27,28]. 

The developed PDD method was tested on a number of static and dynamic examples. Presented here are scalability (speed-up) results for a series of soil-foundation-structure model runs. A hierarchy of models, described later in section 3, was used in... 

In fact a fuel cell is a mini chemical plant with a number of pumps, valves and recirculation loops. Obviously it is hard to miniaturize it to a pocket size system. Miniaturizing fuel cells is not a simple matter of reducing physical dimensions as macro-sized (conventional) fuel cell components are limited by characteristic fabrication constraints (Cha et al., 2004, Lee et al., 2002). The materials and the manufacturing processes used in the conventional fuel cells have restrictions on dimensions and scalability. The machining of flow structures, for example, is constrained by the brittleness of graphite, and molding is limited in deep narrow... 

Inspired by the intrinsic deformation nature of polymer melt, various proposals have been put forward to constmct particular structure in polymer blend, aiming at the achievement of excellent performance. One of the typical examples is the methodology of in situ micro/nanofibrillation, in which, under the process of melt extrusion-hot stretching-quenching, the spherical dispersion domains in situ deform into micro/nanofibrils, realizing the scalable achievement of in situ micro/nanofibrillar composites, accompanied with greatly improved mechanical... 

---