Sawtooth wave

REM Sleep - low voltage - random, fast with sawtooth waves... 

We realize now that the square-wave shock pulse does not remain square. As soon as the rear square face of the shock is formed, it immediately begins to tip forward due to the effects we have seen from the rarefaction wave. Shock waves can also be formed that start with a fully sloped back, as when the shock is induced in a materia from detonation of an adjacent explosive. Figure 19.26 shows a sawtoothed wave in the P-x diagram. This is an idealized form of a partially attenuated shock pulse identical to the shock pulse received from an adjacent detonation. 

Figure 19.27 Coarse wavelet model of sawtooth wave.

Fig. 40. Block diagram of measuring circuit. P, potentiometer L, load inductance R, small resistance D, dual scoper O, audio frequency oscillator A, sawtooth wave generator B, tuned amplifier K, oscilloscope equipped with amplifiers Q, gain control of cathode follower to read Q...

A certain electronic circuit produces the following sawtooth wave,... 

It turns out that to determine the effective value of a sine wave, you have to do the following. First divide up the top half of the ac into very small slices (the "increments" of calculus), and then square each one of these short-term voltages. The next step is to figure out the average value (the mean ) of these squared slices. Then take the square root of this mean. This is called the "root mean square" voltage, or "RMS." It is not the same as the simple average, and also it does not work for odd shapes such as sawtooth waves. 

A "constant current diode" (lower left of Fig. 14.11) also has two exterior wires but is more complex inside. It changes resistance according to the current passing through it, within reasonable limits, which tends to keep the current constant. (More in Chapter 18.) It is used to make sawtooth waves (see index) with straight ramps, instead of the otherwise exponential voltage buildups. 

This type of circuit is used to make repeating sawtooth waves (see index if necessary) to drive the horizontal sweep of an oscilloscope or TV tube, but in the simplified version shown here, it is only good for a single pulse, because it stays on. The reason it does not go off is that the current is still fairly high, enough to... 

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