Sawtooth

The SMD simulations were based on an NMR structure of the Ig domain 127 of the cardiac titin I-band (Improta et ah, 1996). The Ig domains consist of two /9-sheets packed against each other, with each sheet containing four strands, as shown in Fig. 8b. After 127 was solvated and equilibrated, SMD simulations were carried out by fixing one terminus of the domain and applying a force to the other in the direction from the fixed terminus to the other terminus. Simulations were performed as described by Eq. (1) with V = 0.5 A/ps and if = 10 ksT/A 414 pN/A. The force-extension profile from the SMD trajectory showed a single force peak as presented in Fig. 8a. This feature agrees well with the sawtooth-shaped force profile exhibited in AFM experiments. 

The crimp imparted to the tow has a sawtooth or sinusoidal wave shape. Because the filaments are usually crimped as a group, the crimp in parallel fibers is in lateral registry, ie, with the ridges and troughs of the waves aligned, as shown in Figure 14. 

Texturing. The final step in olefin fiber production is texturing the method depends primarily on the appHcation. For carpet and upholstery, the fiber is usually bulked, a procedure in which fiber is deformed by hot air or steam jet turbulence in a no22le and deposited on a moving screen to cool. The fiber takes on a three-dimensional crimp that aids in developing bulk and coverage in the final fabric. Stuffer box crimping, a process in which heated tow is overfed into a restricted oudet box, imparts a two-dimensional sawtooth crimp commonly found in olefin staple used in carded nonwovens and upholstery yams. 

Figure 8 shows the characteristic sawtooth temperature profile which represents the thermodynamic inefficiency of this reactor type as deviations from the maximum reaction rate. Catalyst productivity is further reduced because not all of the feed gas passes through all of the catalyst. However, the quench converter has remained the predominant reactor type with a proven record of reflabiUty. 

Adl b tic Converters. The adiabatic converter system employs heat exchangers rather than quench gas for interbed cooling (Fig. 7b). Because the beds are adiabatic, the temperature profile stiU exhibits the same sawtooth approach to the maximum reaction rate, but catalyst productivity is somewhat improved because all of the gas passes through the entire catalyst volume. Costs for vessels and exchangers are generally higher than for quench converter systems. 

Depth-of-Gut Notching. Depth-of-cut notching (DOCN) is a localized wear process common when machining materials such as austenitic stainless steels or high temperature alloys. Notching is attributed to the chemical reaction of the tool material and the atmosphere, or to abrasion by the hard, sawtooth outer edge of the chip. DOCN may lead to tool fracture. 

On/Off Control An on/off controller is used for manipulated variables having only two states. They commonly control temperatures in homes, electric water-heaters and refrigerators, and pressure and liquid level in pumped storage systems. On7off control is satisfac-toiy where slow cychng is acceptable because it always leads to cycling when the load hes between the two states of the manipulated variable. The cycle will be positioned symmetrically about the set point only if the normal value of the load is equidistant between the two states of the manipulated variable. The period of the symmetrical cycle will be approximately 40, where 0 is the deadtime in the loop. If the load is not centered between the states of the manipulated variable, the period will tend to increase, and the cycle follows a sawtooth pattern. 

FIG. 17-64 Typical dry filters, (a) Throwaway type, Airplex. (Davies Air Filter Coij)oration.) (h) Replaceable medium type, Airmat PD24, cutaway view. (Ameiican Air Filter Co., Inc. ) (c) Cleanable type, Amirglass sawtooth. (Ami iion Company.)... 

Quantifying the effect of surface roughness or morphology is difficult, however. Surface preparations that provide different degrees of surface roughness also usually produce surfaces that have different oxide thicknesses and mechanical properties, different compositions, or different contaminant levels. The problem of separation of these variables was circumvented in a recent study [52] by using a modified microtome as a micro milling machine to produce repeatable, well-characterized micron-sized patterns on clad 2024-T3 aluminum adherends. Fig. 2 shows the sawtooth profile created by this process. 

For the nanotubes, then, the appropriate symmetries for an allowed band crossing are only present for the serpentine ([ , ]) and the sawtooth ([ ,0]) conformations, which will both have C point group symmetries that will allow band crossings, and with rotation groups generated by the operations equivalent by conformal mapping to the lattice translations Rj -t- R2 and Ri, respectively. However, examination of the graphene model shows that only the serpentine nanotubes will have states of the correct symmetry (i.e., different parities under the reflection operation) at the K point where the bands can cross. Consider the K point at (K — K2)/3. The serpentine case always sat-... 

Impeller types usually used with mixing and listed in decreasing order of high volume ability (hence in increasing order of high head ability or requirement) are paddle, turbine, propeller, sawtooth impeller or propeller, cut-out impeller disc (no blades), colloid mill. 

Trusses may be the best solution for very high-imposed loads. Frame action with columns is not possible with trusses. Although trusses are generally the lightest form of roof construction, they may be the most expensive due to high fabrication cost. A combination of lattices or lattice and truss may form a sawtooth roof profile for incorporation of north lights. 

This change in vibration energy can be clearly observed in trend data acquired from machine-trains. A sawtooth trend is common to most predictive-maintenance programs, which can be directly attributed to variations in load. The only way to compensate for load variations is to track the actual load associated with each data set. 

Figure 1.46 shows some atomic radii, and Fig. 1.47 shows the variation in atomic radius with atomic number. Note the periodic, sawtooth pattern in the latter plot. Atomic radius generally decreases from left to right across a period and increases down a group. 

In order to solve this problem of unboundedness, Argyres and Sfiat [17] decomposed the dipole moment operator into a periodic sawtooth function and its non periodic stair-case complement. The stair-case component is responsible of the localization of the electronic wavefunction whereas the sawtooth potential is associated with the periodic character of the polarization. Otto and Ladik [18-19] have proposed an alternative decomposition of the dipole moment operator. 

Figure 2.40 Zigzag micro mixer with concentration field (left) and flow stream lines (right) obtained from a CFD simulation for a Reynolds number of 38. In [135] a sawtooth geometry of larger amplitude was considered and distinctive recirculation zones were found only at Reynolds numbers larger than 80.

Some other less important types of AC polarography may also be considered as sinusoidal ac techniques, as their theoretical treatment can be based on signals from a complex Fourier function in this context we confine ourselves to mentioning sawtooth or triangular wave48 superimposed on the dc ramp. Square-wave polarography is also of that type, but in view of its greater importance we shall treat it separately. 

We perform most tests uni-directionally, that is, we increase the deformation in only one direction, as shown if Fig. 8.2 a). Alternatively, we can perform a dynamic test in which the direction of the deforming force is reversed one or more times. In dynamic tests, the waveform of the applied deformation is often sinusoidal, as shown in Fig. 8.2 b), but many other modes are possible, including a sawtooth pattern, or a square wave, as shown in Fig. 8.2 c) and d), respectively. 

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