Saturation swelling

PA 66 and 6 highly hygroscopic. Too dry an atmosphere m es them brittle but an excess of moisture causes swelling, plasticization and a reversible decrease of the mechanical and insulating properties. Saturation swelling can reach 10%. 

They finally obtained the following simple expressions for saturation swelling. 

Pig. 6561 illustrates a torpedo in which a powder-chamber is surrounded by nitroglycerine, and a quick-match passes from tbe powder to the primingehamber, which communicates through a tube with the fulminate, which is exploded by a hammer. An electric connection not only enables the operator to explode the charge at will, but other packing than water may be used to confine the explosion. A bag of fiaxseed is often used for this purpose, which is lowered into the well dry, and, booming saturated, swells and completely closes the aperture. The bag may be cut or torn open and withdrawn. 

Despite great progress in characterization and parameterization of bentonite, models and knowledge of the physical behavior of partially saturated swelling clays still need improvement in areas such as the effective stress behavior, vapor flow, and water retention. 

When equilibrium swelling of the latex particles is attained (which, of course, is saturation swelling because excess monomer is present in the form of droplets)... 

By combining Equation (7.22) with Equation (7.20), a quadratic in /ap is obtained which can be solved to give /ap for saturation swelling of the latex particles by a particular mixture of monomers A and B provided that [M]b . and [M]g are known at the temperature to be used... 

By applying the assumptions utilized in developing the theory for saturation swelling, the following expressions are obtained ... 

Note that since the equality defined by Equation (7.23) is a requirement for equilibrium swelling in the presence of monomer droplets, Equations (7.24) and (7.25) also are applicable to saturation swelling.) Substracting Equation (7.25) from Equation (7.24), and again assuming that = V b, gives... 

Failure of consolidated and poorly cemented rocks occurs during saturation when the swelling pressure or internal saturation swelling stress, Os developed by capillary suction pressures exceeds their tensile strength. An estimate of as can be obtained from the modulus of deformation, ... 

Leachates Actual, for waste liners and radioactive waste storage Generally none, except cation saturation Swelling, charge, surface area, reactive surface groups... 

The time required for saturation swelling of oleogels is influenced greatly by the viscosity of a particular oil and the particle size (surface area) of the oleogel that is used. Hence, in order to reduce saturation swelling time,... 

Equation 3.10 can describe the swelling behaviour of a latex particle with one monomer below and at saturation. In the case of saturation swelling with two monomers, substituting the appropriate expression for the partial molar free energy of the different phases into Equation 3.10 leads to Equation 3.11 (for an exact derivation see. Maxwell et al, 1992a,b and Noel et al, 1993) which is quite similar to Equation 3.10, except that it is assumed that... 

There are several reasons for imposing such a limit [M,]pref- It is a way of controlling the heat generation rate and also the monomer to polymer ratio in the particles, which might affect the MMD. Also if the limit is set below the saturation swelling of the particles, monomer droplet formation is avoided, which will imply a loss of control. Monomer cannot be removed from the reactor ... 

Tg deceases and the ion conductivity is enhanced with increasing PAN content. The polymer electrolytes formed from the higher acrylonitrile (AN) content copolymer are composed of two phases as the AN group is not completely compatible with plasticizer. One is the liquid electrolyte-rich phase, and another is the gel polymer phase plasticized by aprotic solvent. The latter is similar to the homogeneous state of polymer electrolytes formed from the lower AN content copolymer. Since the ion motion is faster in the liquid-rich phase, the ion conductivity increases with AN content. On the other hand, the saturated swelling capacity of GPE in liquid electrolyte increases as the content of PMMA increases, which certainly benefits the improvement of the ion conductivity. Hence 47 mol% was found to be an optimal content for PAN at which the maximum ion conductivity was obtained (Kim et al, 1998). 

Figure 7.6 Saturation swelling of polymer particles by monomer.

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