Saturated Ethylene Ethene

Coefficients of the equadon of state and of the equation for transport properties are stored for each substance. Parameters of the critical point and coefficients of equations for calculadon of the ideal-gas functions, the saturated vapor pressure and the melting pressure are kept also. The thermal properties in the single-phase region and on the phase-equilibrium lines can be calculated on the basis of well-known relations with use of these coefficients. The system contains data for 30 reference substances monatomic and diatomic gases, air, water and steam, carbon dioxide, ammonia, paraffin hydrocarbons (up to octane), ethylene (ethene), propylene (propene), benzene and toluene. The system can calculate the thermophysical properties of poorly investigated gases and liquids and of multicomponent mixtures also on the basis of data for reference substances. 

Olefins (alkenes contain double bonds) =c/ / C2H4,C3H6,C4H8,...,C H2 Ethene, propene, butane (ethylene, propylene, butylene) Diolefins contain two double bonds The compounds are unsaturated since C H2 can be saturated to C H2 +2... 

The unsaturated dibasic acids bear the same relation to the saturated dibasic acids, just considered, as the unsaturated mono-basic acids, acrylic acid, crotonic acid, etc. (p. 172), do to the saturated monobasic acids, acetic acid, etc. They are also the oxidation products of the unsaturated hydrocarbons, alcohols, and aldehydes just as oxalic and succinic acids are of the corresponding saturated compounds. As the simplest dibasic acid containing an ethylene unsaturated group will contain two carboxyl groups and also two doubly linked carbon atoms there must be at least four carbons in the compound. This compound will therefore correspond to succinic acid of the saturated series. Now succinic acid may be derived from either butane by oxidation or from ethane by substitution. Similarly the corresponding unsaturated acid may be derived from butene by oxidation or from ethene by substitution. All of these general relationships may be represented as follows ... 

The hydrocarbons discussed so far in this chapter are referred to as saturated, because all the carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds. Hydrocarbons that have double and triple carbon-carbon bonds are referred to as unsaturated (Fig. 7.10). Ethylene (C2H4) has a double bond between its carbon atoms and is called an alkene. The simplest alkyne is acetylene (C2H2), which has a triple bond between its carbon atoms. In naming these compounds, the -ane ending of the corresponding alkane is replaced by -ene when a double bond is present and by -yne when a triple bond is present. Ethene is thus the systematic name for ethylene, and ethyne for acetylene, although we will continue to use their more common names. For any compound with a carbon backbone of four or more carbon atoms, it is necessary to specify the location of the double or triple bond. This is... 

Compounds that contain double or triple bonds are said to be unsaturated —because they are not saturated with hydrogen atoms. Unsaturated compounds are reactive materials that readily add hydrogen when heated over a catalyst such as nickel. The reverse reaction also occurs. Heating ethane with steam is an important commercial process for making ethene (or ethylene). This is an important commercial process called steam cracking. ... 

Steam cracking, as shown in Fig. 2.2, is a petrochemical process in which saturated hydrocarbons are broken down into smaller, often unsaturated, hydrocarbons. It is the principal industrial method for producing lighter alkenes (olefins), including ethene (or ethylene), and propene (or propylene). 

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