Sandwich structures continued stiffnesses

Stiff lightweight structures such as aircraft wings are made from sandwiches of continuous sheets filled with foams or honeycombs. Open porous structures can form frameworks for infiltration by other materials leading to application of biocompatible implants. Open pore structures are used as supports for catalysts. 

Sandwich structures have found wide application in bus and high-speed railway constructions. The key issue for the application of sandwich structures is the careful selection of a suitable joining technique to connect the large-scale sandwich components with each other or with other parts of the structure. Elastic adhesive joints provide uniform load distribution and can compensate for relatively large geometric and production tolerances, and also for the thermal expansion of different substrate materials. Therefore, a smooth and continuous transfer of the interfacial forces into the sandwich structure is enabled, with comparatively low stiffness. These are significant benefits compared with the... 

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