Sands semi-consolidated

Aquifer layers in the underground are built up of unconsolidated formations, such as gravel, sand or silt, or semi-consolidated or fissured hard rock formations that are permeable enough to store and transmit noticeable quantities of groundwater. Therefore, the geological conditions, in particular the lithological composition, the bedding... 

These reservoir sands are semi-consolidated to unconsolidated and therefore, in some regions will require special well completion and production techniques. 

Extensive, horizontal sandstone plateaus occur in tropical shield areas. Well-known examples are the Precambrian Roraima sandstone formations on the Guiana Shield and the Voltaian sandstone formations in Western Africa. Major occurrences of consolidated sands are found in Northern Africa, in Guyana and Surinam, eastern Peru, northeastern Brazil and in Liberia (western Africa). These sandstone formations have a history of tropical weathering in common they all have a deep weathering mantle of bleached, white sands that are very rich in quartz, poor in clay and excessively drained. Electrolyte contents differ by region In arid and semi-arid areas where evaporation exceeds precipitation, salts and carbonates may accumulate at or near the surface of the soil. 

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