Sampling concept

S. Anferova, V. Anferov, D. G. Rata, B. Bliimich, J. Arnold, C. Clauser, P. Blunder, H. Raich 2004, (A mobile NMR device for measurements of porosity and pore size distribution of drilled core samples), Concepts Magn. Reson. Part B 23B (1), 26-32. 

Hanak, J.J. (1970) The multiple-sample concept in materials research synthesis, compositional analysis and testing of entire multicomponent systems. J. Mater. Sci., 5, 964. 

The classical, frequentist approach in statistics requires the concept of the sampling distribution of an estimator. In classical statistics, a data set is commonly treated as a random sample from a population. Of course, in some situations the data actually have been collected according to a probability-sampling scheme. Whether that is the case or not, processes generating the data will be snbject to stochastic-ity and variation, which is a sonrce of uncertainty in nse of the data. Therefore, sampling concepts may be invoked in order to provide a model that accounts for the random processes, and that will lead to confidence intervals or standard errors. The population may or may not be conceived as a finite set of individnals. In some situations, such as when forecasting a fnture value, a continuous probability distribution plays the role of the popnlation. 

B.F. Reis, M.F. Gine, E.A.G. Zagatto, J.L.F.C. Lima, R.A.S. Lapa, Multicommutation in flow analysis. Part 1. Binary sampling concepts, instrumentation and spectrophoto-metric determination of iron in plant digests, Anal. Chim. Acta 293 (1994) 129. 

Now inside the head of this imaginary consumer and brand, with the fragrance selected and perfected by the perfumer, the team venture forth to the client clutching fragrance samples, concept boards and research data to support their interpretation of the brief. The fate of the fragrance is in the hands of the client and possibly depends on future market research. What happens next will vary widely from one manufacturer to another. For some, the submission will be scrutinised by an independent expert nose , employed for the purpose of selecting market winners others will send the submission to consumer panels to test their response, while in other companies one individual will drive the product development and make the fragrance selection. 

It is immediately apparent that the complete automation of this sub-stage is a difficult task. Only in a few instances (e.g. the automatic in vivo determinations described In Chapter 14 and performed with the on-line process analysers dealt with in Chapter 17) is this ideal objective affordable. Much more often, some of the above-mentioned operations involve human participation, although It is still termed automated [1]. Therefore, although many clinical analysers are classed as automatic, the blood and urine samples that they handle are collected and even treated manually before they are placed on the sampler. Such is also the case with automatic off-line water pollutant analysers, also calling for manual collection and preservation of samples. Consequently, the automated sampling concept as used here refers to the Introduction Into the analyser or instrument concerned of a definite portion of sample collected from its source and even treated manually, with the few exceptions stated above. 

Binary sampling concepts, instrumentation and spectrophotometric determination of iron in plant digests, Anal. Chim. Acta 293 (1994) 129—138. 

The A-sample (concept phase) is often already considered in very early phases of the development and shall be provided along with the offer of the supplier. 

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