Sample path society

Figure 1. VCD in the OH-stretching region of (—)-(2S,3S)-dimethyl tartrate, 0.01 M in CCl, at three temperatures. Sample path length 0.48 cm, time constant 10 s, resolution 16 cm. (Reproduced with permission from ref. 51. Copyright 1980 American Chemical Society.)...

Figure 9.12 Spectroelectrochemical cell for Fourier-transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (FTIRRAS). (A) Cell components showing Teflon bar for controlling the sample path length (B) retroreflection absorption optics for use with this cell. [From I.T. Bae, X. Xing, E.B. Yeager, and D. Scherson, Anal. Chem. 61 1164 (1989). Copyright 1989 American Chemical Society.]...

In the Figs. 2.12 a, b time has been eliminated and (x) is represented as a function of the preference parameter d. Illustrated are so-called hysteresis loops for which the Figs. 2.12a, b correspond to the results of Figs. 2.11a, b. These figures show that the motion of the socio-configuration (collective opinion configuration) in a liberal society follows closely and in smooth evolutionary way the development of the individual preference trends described by d. Further, the moderate values and variations in the variance (i.e. the dispersion of the distribution) lead to small fluctuations of sample paths around their mean... 

Fig. 6.2.4 Change in the absorption spectrum of pholasin (14.5 p,M) caused by the luminescence reaction catalyzed by Pholas luciferase (1.1 p.M). The curve shown is the differential spectrum between a cell containing the mixture of pholasin and Pholas luciferase (0.9 ml in the sample light path) and two cells containing separate solutions of pholasin and the luciferase at the same concentrations (in the reference light path), all in 0.1 M Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.5, containing 0.5 M NaCl. Four additions of ascorbate (3 iM) were made to the sample mixture to accelerate the reaction. The spectrum was recorded after 120 min with a correction for the base line. From Henry and Monny, 1977, with permission from the American Chemical Society.

Figure 7 Schematic diagram of the laser-induced electrical birefringence apparatus. Path of Nd YAG laser pulse EP, extracavity polarizers PC, Pockels cell L, lens (focal length 63.5 cm, focal point about 20 cm past the sample cell) D, dichroic mirror SC, sample cell C, calorimeter BS, beam splitter FI, UV-Vis cutoff filter F2, narrow-bandpass filter (1.060 /im) PD, photodiode LT, light trap. Path of He-Ne monitoring beam P, polarizer 2/4, quarter-wave plate A, analyzer F3, narrow-bandpass filter (632.8 nm) G, glass plate diffuser PM, photomultiplier. OSC, oscilloscope X timing and trigger. (Reprinted with permission from Ref 27. Copyright 1995 American Chemical Society.)...

Figure 4.25. Optical diagram of DRIFTS accessory (1) flat mirror (50 x 50 mm), (2) flat mirror (70 X 70 cm), (3) concave spherical reflector, and (4) sample cell D = diffuse reflection S = specular reflection. Dashed lines show optical path of diffuse reflection. Solid bold line shows optical path of specular reflection. Reprinted, by permission, from B. Li and R. D. Gonzalez, Appl. Spectrosc. 52, 1488-1491 (1998), p. 1489, Fig. 1. Copyright 1998 Society for Applied Spectroscopy.

Figure 10.14 Ternary phase diagram at 25°C for the system [emim][EtSOJ/TX-114/limonene. The black arrow marks the experimental path that was chosen for further experiments and the crosses the samples characterized by SAXS experiments. Reproduced from Harrar et al. [125], Langmuir 2011,27,1635, with permission from the American Chemical Society.

Figure 17.4. Experimental arrangement for TIRES. Samples are translated through the path of a jet of hot nitrogen within, or just before, the field of view (fov) of the spectrometer. A jet of chilled helium returns the sample surface to near ambient temperature. (Reproduced from [7], by permission of the American Chemical Society copyright 1990.)...

Here the mean value ( ) has to be taken over the possible random forces occurring in the sample society via the stochastic transitions of its members. The stochastic nature of the random forces on the rhs of (2.35) in turn leads to non-deterministic, stochastic paths of the variable x(t) Paths x(t) develop differently under the influence of the stochastic forces (t) in (2.35) even if they start out from the same initial value jk (0). The mean deviation and mean square deviation of x (t) from the initial value after a short time interval At can, however, be calculated by integrating (2.35) iteratively over with the initial... 

---