Salt chemistry

As described by Rapp (1986,2002) oxyanion melts of alkali nitrates, carbonates, hydroxides and sulphates exhibit an acid-base character, whereby the acid components may be considered as N02(g), C02(g), H20(g) or 803(g) respectively. Although the use of the Lux-Flud selection of N03,C03 , OH and SO as the basic components is common for such fused salts, alternatively the oxide ion can be changed as the Lewis base is common for all of these salts. For a melt of pure Na2S04, the equilibrium is given by the reaction 

Rapp explained the expected stability of the protective oxide Cr203 with respect to dissolution either as acidic solutes such as 2(804)3 or as basic solutes such as Na2Cr04 or NaCr02. The phase stability diagram for the Cr-8-0 system can be superimposed on that for Na-S-O, as shown in Fig. 7.4. The two abscissa scales at the bottom and top of the figure provide alternative parameters for melt basicity (or acidity). Under no conditions does the metal chromium remains stable in contact with Na2804 at 1200 K (927°C). 

The equilibrium concentration of each vanadium compound varies continuously with melt basicity. Na3V04 is the dominant component in the melt at basicity less than 8.2 and V2O5 is dominant at basicity greater than 16.3. For basicities between 8.2 and 16.3, NaV03 is the most important vanadium solute (Hwang and Rapp, 1989). 

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Levy H A and Danford M D 1964 Molten Salt Chemistry ed M Blander (New York Interscience)... 

Diazonium salt chemistry provides the principal synthetic method for the prepara tion of aryl fluorides through a process known as the Schiemann reaction In this pro cedure the aryl diazonium ion is isolated as its fluoroborate salt which then yields the desired aryl fluoride on being heated... 

The value of diazonium salts m synthetic organic chemistry rests on two mam points Through the use of diazonium salt chemistry... 

G. J. Kipouros and D. R. Advances in Molten Salt Chemistry, Vol. 6,1987, Elsevier, Amsterdam. 

In most reviews of enamine chemistry the reactions of iminium salts are scattered throughout the review and are consequently not covered in a comprehensive manner. This chapter will be an attempt to look at reactions that, at one stage or another, proceed by nucleophilic addition to the iminium intermediate. The subject of enamines has been reviewed 1-4) and certain aspects of iminium salt chemistry such as reduction of aromatic quaternary salts have been treated in detail (5). Consequently, the reduction of aromatic quaternary salts with complex hydrides will be presented here only briefly. Although the literature (especially 1950-1967) has been checked with care, the author can make no claim to completeness. The... 

As shown in the preceding pages, the uses that iminium salt chemistry has been put to are highly diversified. This elaboration of reactions should continue for a long time for there are some problems in iminium salt chemistry that are not answered and many questions that have not even been asked. The uses that iminium salts will be put to in the future as reaction intermediates are limited only by the ingenuity of chemists. 

G. Mamantov, in Molten Salt Chemistry (G. Mamantov, R. Marassi eds.),... 

Examples of reactions that have been carried out in these antimony(III) ionic liquids include the cyclizations of l,2-bis-(9-anthryl)-ethane (Scheme 5.1-12) and 1,2-bis-(l-naphthyl)-ethane (Scheme 5.1-13). A more detailed review of antimony(III) chloride molten salt chemistry has been published by Pagni [4]. 

G. P. Smith, R. M. Pagni in Molten Salt Chemistry, An introduction to selected Applications (G. Mamantov, R. Marassi eds.), D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, 1987, 383 16. 

C. A. Zell, W. Freyland, F. Endres, Progress in Molten Salt Chemistry 2000,... 

As demonstrated by the recent works on corrosion, it is worthwhile to have at our disposal (or to acquire) a perfect knowledge of the whole environmental conditions i.e. of the considered molten salt chemistry and its dependence on the nature of the cover gas. This allows us to predict, from a thermodynamic point of view, the operating conditions leading to reduced corrosion effects, the consistency of which is being further experimentally tested. 

Blander, M. (Ed.), Molten Salt Chemistry, Interscience, New York (1964)... 

Boston, C. R., Molten Salt Chemistry of the Haloaluminates, in Advances in Molten Salt Chemistry, J. Braunstein, G. Mamantov, and G. P. Smith, Editors. 1971, Plenum Press New York. p. 129. 

Osteryoung, R. A., Organic Chloroaluminate Ambient Temperature Molten Salts, in Molten Salt Chemistry-An Introduction and Selected Applications, G. Mamantov and R. Marassi, Editors. 1987, D. Reidel Publishing Company Dordrecht, p. 329. 

Hayashi, T., International Symposium on Molten Salt Chemistry and Technology, p. 53, The Electrochemical Society of Japan, (1983). 

The reductive animation of 1,4-diketones in the presence of an equivalent of ammonia opens an avenue to 2,4-disubstituted pyrrolidines. Since Stetter s thiazolium salt chemistry allows the preparation of 1,4-diketones from a, 3 unsaturated enones and aldehydes, a large variety of pyrrolidines may be prepared. Two examples of such syntheses have recently been published by the T. H. Jones group (Scheme 27) (132, 170). 

Conventional aryldiazonium salt chemistry on 4-aminoindole provides 4-iodo-l-(4-toluenesulfonyl)indole (13), 4-iodoindole (14), and l-(fm-butyldimethylsilyl)-4-iodoindole (15) in excellent yields as shown [25, 26],... 

The first CEM system described by Griffing and West (84) consisted of an organic dye dispersed in an inert polymer film that is spin coated onto the surface of a resist and subsequently removed following exposure but prior to resist development. The chemistry of this system is based on the photoisomerization of an aromatic dye to an oxaziridine (87) (Figure 10). Other workers have evaluated polysilanes (88) and diazonium salt chemistry (89,90) for CEM applications. 

Levy, H. A., and Danford, M. D., "Diffraction Studies of the Structure of Molten Salts" in Molten Salt Chemistry, M. Blander, Ed., Interscience Publishers, New York, 1964. 

Seddon, K. R. Ionic liquids for clean technology, J. Chem. Technol. BiotechnoL, 1997, 68(4), 351-356 Seddon, K. R. Ionic liquids for clean technology an update, in Molten Salt Forum Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Molten Salt Chemistry and Technology, Wendt, H. (Ed.), Vol. 5-6, 1998, pp. 53-62. 

Swinkels, D.A.J., Chapter 4 in "Advances in Molten Salt Chemistry", A. Braunstein, Gleb Mamantov and G.P. Smith, Editors, Plenum Press, N.Y., 1971, pp 165-223. 

Boston, C.R., "Molten Salt Chemistry of the Haloaluminates", Chapter 3 in "Advances in Molten Salt Chemistry" (See Ref. 68), p. 129-T64. 

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