Salamandra samandarine

Samandarin, molecular formula C19H31NO2, is the major steroidal alkaloid of the skin glands of the fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra), and is extremely toxic. The toxicides of samandarin include muscle convulsions, raised blood pressure and hyperventilation. 

The European fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) and the alpine salamander (Salamandra atra) are the only amphibians known to contain samandarine alkaloids. These are the only two species in this genus. The proposal that extracts of the brilliant black and yellow Australian myobatrachid frog Pseudophryne corroboree contained samandarine alkaloids (52) has proved to be incorrect, and this and other frogs of the genus Pseudophryne instead contain pumiliotoxins and pseudophrynamines (see Sections III,C and VII, A). The major alkaloids of Salamandra salamandra are samandarine, samandarone, and 0-acetylsamandarine. There do not... 

There is a characteristic difference between the Salamandra and the Digitalis venoms insofar as the arrest of the heart in diastole is not compensated for by atropine. Remarkable is the potent local anesthetic action of samandarine. Therapeutica lly, however, it is not used because of its toxicity. 

Synthetic studies in Salamandra alkaloids have been reported. In this work, attempted conversion into samandarine of compound (43), prepared from (38), failed. 

Salamander steroid alkaktids. Toxic compounds from skin gland secretions of salamanders, e, g. the fire salamander (Salamandra maculosa) and the alpine salamander (S. atra) that are produced as defensive substances against bacteria and fungi. About 10 of these toxins have been reported to date, they are all derived from 3-aza-A-homo-5/S-androstane. An important example is samandarine, which possesses an unusual ox-... 

Salamander contains lot of alkaloids. Samandarine (C19H31NO2) and samandarone (C19H29NO2) are two major alkaloids from European fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra terrestris). These alkaloids are secreted from both the skin and internal organs of the salamander. Other alkaloids are samandaridine, samandinine, cycloneosamandione, samandenone, and samanine. They are steroidal alkaloids and their precursor in the biosynthesis pathway is considered to be cholesterol. Samanine is possible to synthesize synthetically. " ... 

A component that attacks the central nervous system and causes strong convulsions is present in the secretions of the dermal gland of Salamandra maculosa (Salamandridae), a type of salamander that inhabits Europe. The main component of the secretion, samandarine, is a steroidal alkaloid. Samandarine comprises 75% of the total alkaloids and it was isolated together with samandarone [5]. 

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