Saccharides metabolism

Jain, V. and Nainawatee, H.S., Flavonoids influence growth and saccharide metabolism of Rhizobium meliloti. Folia Microbiol, 44, 311, 1999. 

Now, this tentative description of the development of a correlation, later to become information from bases to the synthesis of proteins, by no means solves the problem of the origin of this code nor does it bring into focus the fact that the very proteins which were produced are responsible for the synthesis of the basic metabolic units, formaldehyde and acetic acid and then the amino acids and bases and finally the polymers by catalysts which are the polymers themselves. We do state, however, that the set of reactions quite probably give the most kinetically stable products. Now, the amounts of the different amino acids, lipids, saccharides... 

The basic outline of autocatalysed linked metabolism, as described in Chapter 4 (see Table 5.3) was originally and to some extent, still is, from CO (or C02) by reduction leading to fats, saccharides and with NH3 to proteins, according to the scheme... 

Apart from the utilization of the common mono- and di-saccharides as metabolic substrates for growth and energy, there is little information on the growth effects of externally applied carbohydrates. Some, like D-mannose, D-galactose, and 2-deoxy-D-araWno-hexose, are inhibitory to root growth,718 possibly because they provide a high osmotic concentration in solution, from which they are only indifferently utilized, without being actively phytotoxic. 

Sterol carrier protein 2 has also been shown to be involved in the intracellular transport and metabolism of cholesterol. Hirai et al. (1994) suggested that sterol carrier protein 2 plays an important role during foam cell formation induced by acetylated LDL and may be an important step in atherosclerosis [142], Lipoproteins can bind lipopolysaccharide and decrease the lipopoly-saccharide-stimulated production of proinflammatory cytokines [142, 143], In addition, lipoprotein entrapment by the extracellular matrix can lead to the progressive oxidation of LDL because of the action of lipoxygenases, reactive oxygen species, peroxynitrite, or myeloperoxidase [144, 145],... 

Digestion can be a limiting factor in the ability of organisms to utilize saccharides. Many adults lack the lactase enzyme required to hydrolyze lactose. When these individuals consume milk products, the lactose remains undigested in the intestine, where it is acted upon by bacteria. These bacteria produce gas and intestinal pain, and diarrhea may result. The lack of a digestive enzyme for cellulose in humans and virtually all other animals means that these animals cannot metabolize cellulose. The cellulosic plant material eaten by ruminant animals such as cattle is actually digested by the action of enzymes produced by specialized rumen bacteria in the stomachs of such animals. 

A fat contains 9.54 kcal g-1, a simple sugar contains approximately one-half that amount, and a polysaccharide is not metabolized therefore, the calorie contribution of an intermediate DP saccharide fat substitute is proportional to the degree of saccharification. 

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