Roman buildings

B.C.E. Concrete The ancient Romans build arches, vaults, and walls out of concrete. 

Klitze RA (1959) Roman building ordinances relating to fire protection. Am J Legal Hist 3 173-187. Archived on http //www.jstor.org... 

The Phoenicians were building water ducts and pipelines of clay, stone, or bronze about 1000 B.c. and the construction of long-distance water pipelines flourished in imperial Roman times. The water supply lines of Rome had a total length of about 450 km, and consisted mainly of open or covered water ducts. The Roman writer Vitruvius gives a fairly accurate description of the manufacture of lead pipes [8]. The pipes were above ground and were often laid beside the roadway or in ducts inside houses [9]. 

In 1784 this freelance diplomat joined the court of Karl Theodor, Elector of Bavaria, and rapidly rose to become head of the ineffectual Bavarian Army. For his contributions to building up Bavaria s defensive strength, in 1793 he was made a Count of the Holy Roman Empire and took the name Count Rtimford, since that was the original name of the... 

Roman road building prowess is exemplified in the construction of the Appian Way. 

Mortar, a mixture of lime, sand, and water, has been used in construction for thousands of years. The Appian Way, many early Roman and Greek buildings, and the Great Wall of China were constructed using mortar containing lime. In the Western Hemisphere, the Incas and Mayans used lime in mortar. The composition of mortar can vary rather widely, but the usual composition is about one-fourth lime, three-fourths sand, and a small amount of water to make the mixture into a paste. Essential ingredients are a solid such as sand and lime that is converted to Ca(OH)2 by reaction with water. 

The Roman historian, who knew not, it may be presumed, that the Divine sentence had foretold, that not one stone of the building should be left upon another and that the time was come, when the true worshippers should no longer worship there yet when he recorded the conflagration of the Temple, declared... 

Metals are essential for humans and indeed for all life. We began using metals to build and shape our society over 4000 years ago. The Greeks and Romans were some of the first to document both the toxic and potential healing effects of metals. Arsenic was well known both as a poison and treatment for disease. 

Schenning APHJ, Elissen-Roman C, Weener J-W, Baars MWPL, Van der Gaast SJ, Meijer EW. Amphiphilic dendrimers as building blocks in supramolecular assemblies. J Am Chem Soc 1998 120 8199-8208. 

The early Egyptians used a building material very similar to cement. Romans used a building material obtained by mixing lime and volcanic ash. They used it to pave roads and build other structures throughout Europe. 

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