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Rock, archaeological materials

It seems appropriate, therefore, to begin a survey of archaeological materials with a discussion of inorganic materials - from minerals and rocks, the most abundant materials on the planet, to those extracted, derived, or made from them, such as metals and alloys, glass and ceramics (Chapters 1-7). Organic and biological materials produced by, or derived from plants or animals are discussed next (Chapters 8-15). Finally, the atmosphere and the hydrosphere, which make up most of the environment that affects all materials and determines the way they decay, are surveyed (Chapter 17). [Pg.21]

Sampling archaeological materials for analytical purposes may sometimes be the most difficult stage in an analytical procedure (Bellhouse 1980 Cochran 1977). Since rock, ceramics, and cement are heterogeneous materials, obtaining a representative sample of them may be the most difficult step in a whole analytical procedure. [Pg.54]

Rocks take a long time to form and most archaeological materials are simply too... [Pg.52]

Geological and archaeological materials have been studied to assess the effect of alkaline fluids on rocks or geological systems and to document the longevity of CSH gels (which occur rarely in nature). For example at Maqarin, Jordan, a unique hyperalkaline groundwater system is... [Pg.200]

Efflorescence. The solvent properties of water also causes efflorescence, a phenomenon whereby soluble or slightly soluble substances migrate from the interior of porous solids to the surface, where they precipitate. Efflorescence is an important factor in the decay and disintegration of many rocks, and of human-made porous materials such as ceramics, and even of some types of glass. On archaeological objects, efflorescence generally occurs mostly as a white, powdery, but sometimes consolidated accretion on the surface of the objects. Calcite, a form of calcium carbonate, is one of the most common substances to effloresce on archaeological ceramics. [Pg.441]

Garza-Valdes, L. A. and B. Stross (1992), Rock varnish analysis, in Vandiver, P. J., D. Druzik, G. S. Wheeler, and I. C. Freestone (eds.), Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology III, a Symposium in San Francisco, California, April 27-May 1, Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, Pittsburgh, PA, Vol. 267, pp. 891-900. [Pg.577]

SEM is particularly useful when integrated with an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), thereby allowing the determination of elemental composition of the materials that are also being observed and micrographed. Elemental composition of fibers and deposits has been studied in textiles from Etowah (51). The elemental composition reflects their burial environment in association with copper as well as their constituent plant fibers. Rowe (52) applied this technique successfully to pigments used in rock art, and it has been used in the study of archaeological fibers (11, 53-55). [Pg.25]


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