RNA by transcription

Ender A et al. (2004) Screening of blood donations for HIV-1 and HCV RNA by transcription-mediated amplification assay one year experience. Transfus Med Hemother. 31 10-15. Kasermann F, Kempf C (1997) Photodynamic inactivation of enveloped viruses by buckminster-fullerene. Antiviral Res. 34 65-70. 

Kimoto M, Hirao I (2010) Site-specific incorporation of extra components into RNA by transcription using unnatural base pair systems. Methods Mol Biol 634 355-369. doi 10.1007/978-l-60761-652-8 25... 

Kimoto M, Sato A, Kawai R, Yokoyama S, Hirao I (2009) Site-specific incorporation of functional components into RNA by transcription using unnatirral base pair systems. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser 53 73-74. doi 10.1093/nass/nrp037... 

The conversion of the information in DNA into proteins begins in the nucleus of cells with the synthesis of mRNA by transcription of DNA. In bacteria, the process begins when RNA polymerase recognizes and binds to a promoter... 

Messenger RNA (Section 28.4) A kind of RNA formed by transcription of DNA and used to carry genetic messages from DNA to ribosomes. 

The multiprotein unit that synthesize RNA by copying the sequence information from the leading strand of the DNA. Its activity is tightly controlled by phosphorylation of the C-termal domain (CTD), access to DNA and interaction by general and sequence specific transcription factors and coactivators and corepressors. 

Figure 37-7. Transcription elements and binding factors in the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase ffW gene. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II binds to the region of the TATA box (which is bound by transcription factor TEND) to form a multicomponent preinitiation complex capable of initiating transcription at a single nucleotide (+1).The frequency of this event is increased by the presence of upstream c/s-acting elements (the GC and CAAT boxes). These elements bind frans-acting transcription factors, in this example Spl and CTF (also called C/EBP, NF1, NFY). These cis elements can function independently of orientation (arrows).

The DNA for the GABAA-receptor channel has been translated to the respective RNA by in vitro transcription of the cDNAs (for a and P) inserted into plasmids. The two RNAs, when injected together into Xenopus oocytes, produced GABA-sensitive CP-currents [3]. 

The in vitro transcribed RNAs are phenol-chloroform extracted, ethanol-precipitated, and washed once with 70% ethanol. The RNA pellet is resuspended in 30 1 H20 and loaded to DyeEx 2.0 spin columns (Qiagen) to remove free nucleotides the RNA is then quantified by spectrophotometry. Approximately 20 to 30 pg of RNA is obtained from one reaction. For the initial preparation of transcripts, we would examine the quality and quantity of synthesized RNA by separating them on 1% denaturing agarose gels with total cell RNA preparation as a size maker (28S and 18S ribosomal RNAs... 

Y1. Young, K. K. Y., Resnick, R. M., and Myers, T. W., Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA by a combined reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31, 882-886 (1993). 

Gene expression requires that chromatin be opened for access by transcription complexes (RNA polymerase and transcription factors, Chapter 5). Chromatin-modifyLi activities include ... 

Cellular RNAs vary widely in their size, structure, and lifespan. The great majority of them are ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which in several forms is a structural and functional component of ribosomes (see p.250). Ribosomal RNA is produced from DNA by transcription in the nucleolus, and it is processed there and assembled with proteins to form ribosome subunits (see pp.208, 242). The bacterial 16S-rRNA shown in Fig. A, with 1542 nucleotides (nt), is a component of the small ribosomae subunit, while the much smaller 5S-rRNA (118 nt) is located in the large subunit. 

The requirement for zinc in the regulation of gene expression is exemplified by transcription factor IIIA, which has been shown to contain from two (Hanas et al., 1983) to seven to eleven (Miller et al., 1985) zinc ions bound to a 40K protein molecule. Transcription factor IIIA is obtained from immature Xenopus oocytes in a complex with 5 S RNA, and the protein is required for transcription initiation the apoprotein does not bind to the 5 S RNA gene (Hanas et al, 1983). Uncertainties regarding the stoichiometric requirement for zinc persist, given the report by Shang et al. (1989) that transcription factor IIIA, as either the isolated protein or the 5 S RNA complex, contains two firmly bound zinc ions which are required for transcription activation. 

In prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the expression of individual genes is controlled by activation or inhibition of RNA polymerase on each gene by transcription factors. 

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