Rights-Based Theories

1 Multinational States and Moral Theories of International Legal Doctrine 

Given that secession is not practicable as a universal mode of satisfying minority claims, we need a set of conditions that describes under what circumstances a state is justified in prohibiting secession—that is, what terms of agreement with a national group are to be eonsidered fair. Many liberal theorists implicitly presuppose that the scheme of justice or fairness they design applies to a society whose members already think of themselves as a people, who have a common life, and who are already 

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Let me say a bit more about normative impartiality, which is the most important aspect of reason to be discussed below. Impartiality as such is not a conception of justice, but a necessary feature of any view that wants to be taken seriously as a conception of justice. It is a constraint on justice, not itself a conception of justice. Utilitarianism, for instance, is impartial in its insistence that in the calculus of welfare "each is to count for one and nobody for more than one." Rights-based theories are impartial to the extent that rights are assigned universally rather than selectively. Equal-distribution theories are impartial, as are theories advocating distribution according to need, merit, or contribution. John Rawls s theory of justice is impartial by construction, being presented as the theory that rational individuals would choose behind a veil of ignorance. 

The first point to be made concerning acids and bases is that so-called acid-base theories are in reality definitions of what an acid or base is they are not theories in the sense of valence bond theory or molecular orbital theory. In a very real sense, we can make an acid be anything we wish the differences between the various acid-base concepts are not concerned with which is right but which is most convenient to use in a particular situation. All of the current definitions of acid-base behavior are compatible with each other. In fact, one of the objects in the following presentation of many different definitions is to emphasize their basic parallelism and hence to direct the students toward a cosmopolitan attitude toward acids and bases which will stand them in good stead in dealing with various chemical situations, whether they be in aqueous solutions of ions, organic reactions, nonaqueotis titrations, or other situations. 

Jeff Noonan, Need Satisfaction and Group Conflict Beyond a Rights-Based Approach, Social Theory and Practice 30 (2004) p. 182. 

Property rights assignment hy homesteading is based on a theory of philosopher John Locke. Locke believed as much land as a man tills, plants, improves, cultivated and can use the product of, so much is his property. Such labor, Locke continues, enclose(s) it from the common. ... 

The data on which Fig. 8.74 is based are for tests carried out in carbonate well-water. McAdam made the further interesting discovery that if mild steel were tested in condenser water and a similar graph constructed, the set of contours corresponded more closely to the right-hand side of Fig. 8.74, i.e. the behaviour of mild steel in condenser water was similar to that of Monel in carbonate water. The apparent universality of this diagram is an interesting observation, but it has not provoked a basic theory of corrosion fatigue. 

The addition of dimethylamine is usually completed within 3 hours. The reaction mixture is then stirred under nitrogen for an additional 3 hours while the system warms slowly to room temperature. The reflux condenser on the exit side (the right) of the reactor is quickly replaced by a distillation apparatus suitable for fractionation. The reaction mixture is then distilled under dry nitrogen at a pressure of 1 atmosphere. The fraction boiling at 149 to 151°/745 mm. is collected as product. In a typical experiment, this fraction weighed 304.8 g. or 94% of theory based on the dimethylamine used. Anal. Calcd. for (CH3)2NPC12 C, 16.46 H, 4.14 N, 9.60 Cl. 48.58. Found C, 16.39 H, 4.16 N, 9.30 Cl, 48.68. 

This means that the two-particle approximation in terms of the IBC/i or the ICSEj is not exact for a genuine two-electron system. For this a theory based on the CSE2 is the right choice, but this not recommended for n> 2. 

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