Ries crater

El Goresy, A. Donnay, G. 1968 A new allotropic form of carbon from the Ries crater. Science, Wash. 161, 363-364. 

Staudacher, T., Jessberger, E. K., Dominik, B., Kirsten, T., Shaffer, O. A. (1982) 40Ar-39Ar ages of rocks and glasses from the Nordlinger Ries Crater and the temperature history of impact breccias. J. Geophys., 51, 11. 

This study confirms our previous result [8] that even ultrashort shock experiments with laser and electric discharge guns are well suited to reproduce shock defects known to occur in naturally shocked minerals. For example, dislocation glide and twinning activated in the experimentally shocked specimens have also been detected in weakly shocked limestones from the Ries crater [50]. 

G. Graup, Carbonate-silicate liquid immiscibility upon impact melting Ries crater, Germany. ATeteorrtiM Planetary Science 34, pp. 425—438 (1999). 

One well-known example is the Lower Permian Karniowice travertine of Poland, where a rich fossil flora and fauna has been uncovered (Szulc and Cwizewicz, 1989). There is evidence that tufas date back to at least the Tertiary within the Barkly karst area of Queensland, Australia (Carthew et al., 2003b), and they have also been recorded in the Eocene Chadron Formation in South Dakota (Evans, 1999), the middle Miocene Barstow Formation in the Mojave Desert of California, USA (Becker et ah, 2001), and in the Miocene Ries crater basin in Germany (Pache et ah, 2001). 

Coesite was first synthesised at a pressure of about 3.4 GPa, in the temperature range of 500-800 °C in the laboratory by Coes (1953) and later discovered and identified from shocked Coconino sandstone of the Meteor Crater in Arizona (Chao et al. 1960, Bohn and StOber 1965), and from the Ries Crater in NordUngen, Bavaria. It has a specific gravity of 2.91510.015 and a hardness of about 8. It is biaxial positive with 2V about 64°. Its indices of refraction are a 1.5940, P 1.5955, and y 1.597010.0005. It is nearly insoluble in 5 % HF at room temperature. 

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