Richardson-Schottky equation

Schottky (1914) emission is governed by the Richardson-Schottky equation of thermal emission over the image-force barrier... 

One of the techniques for measuring the work function of surfaces uses the thermal emission of electrons from the heated surface under study [4]. According to the Richardson-Schottky equation, the electron current density, I, depends on the surface temperature, T, and the work function, / ... 

However, experimental ]V curves often deviate from the ideal /scl- In these cases, the measured current /inj is injection limited caused by a nonohmic contact or poor surface morphology. When the MO interface is nonohmic, carrier injection can be described by the Richardson-Schottky model of thermionic emission the carriers are injected into organic solid only when they acquire sufficient thermal energy to overcome the Schottky barrier ((()), which is related to the organic ionization potential (/p), the electron affinity (AJ, the metal work function (O, ), and the vacuum level shift (A) [34,35]. Thus, the carrier injection efficiency (rj) can be calculated by the following equation ... 

In diodes, the conducting polymer (usually a p-type semiconductor) is in contact with an n-type semiconductor or a metal. In the former case a heterojunction can form at the interface, while in the latter case a Schottky barrier can be created. The relation between the current density and the voltage is described by Richardson s equation [217] ... 

---