Reverse osmosis biofouling

Ridgeway, Harry F., "Microbial Adhesion and Biofouling of Reverse Osmosis Membranes," in Reverse Osmosis Technology, Parekh Bipin S., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, New York, 1988. 

Flemming, H. C. (1997). Reverse osmosis membrane biofouling. Experimental Thermal Fluid Science. 14, 4, 382-391. 

Upen J., Barwada S.J.M., Coker S.D., and Terry A.R., Winning the battle against biofouling of reverse osmosis membranes. Desalination and Water Reuse 10(2) 2000 53-58. 

Ridgway, H.F., Microbial adhesion and biofouling of reverse osmosis membranes. In Reverse Osmosis Technology, Applications for High Purity Water Production, Pakekh, B.S. and Dekker, M., Eds., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1988, p. 429. 

H.-C. Flemming, Mechanistic aspects of reverse osmosis membrane biofouling and prevention, in Z. Amjad (Ed.), Reverse Osmosis, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY, 1993, pp. 163—209. 

Reprinted from H.-R. Chae, J. Lee, C.-H. Lee, I.-C. Kim, P.-K. Park, Graphene oxide-embedded thin-flhn composite reverse osmosis membrane with high flux, anti-biofouling, and chlorine resistance. Journal of Membrane Science 483 (2015) 128-135. 

Lee, W., Ahn, C.H., Hong, S., Kim, S., Lee, S., Baeka, Y. Yoon, J. (2010) Evaluation of stuface properties of reverse osmosis membranes on the initial biofouling stages under no filtration condition. Journal of... 

Matin, Asif, Z. Khan, S. M. J. Zaidi, and M. C. Boyce, Biofouling in Reverse Osmosis Membranes for Seawater Desahnation Phenomena and Prevention, Desalination, 281,1-16,2011. 

When microorganisms are involved in the corrosion of metals, the situation is more complicated than for an abiotic environment, because microorganisms not only modify the near-surface environmental chemistry via microbial metabolism but also may interfere with the electrochemical processes occurring at the metal-environment interface. Many industrial systems are likely to contain various structures where MIC and biofouling may cause serious problems open or closed cooling systems, water injection lines, storage tanks, residual water treatment systems, filtration systems, different types of pipes, reverse osmosis membranes, potable water distribution systems and most areas where water can stagnate. 

A. Matin, Z. Khan, S.M.J. Zaidi, M.C. Boyce, Biofouling in reverse osmosis membranes for seawater desalination Phenomena and prevention. Desalination 281 (2011) 1-16. 

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