Reverse electrodialysis

J.C. Fair and J.F. Osterle, Reverse electrodialysis in charged capillary membranes. /. Chem. Phys., 54 (8) (1971) 3307. 

C. Forga s, Generation of Electricity by Reverse Electrodialysis , Report No. BGUNRDA-129-77, 1977. 

J. Veerman, M. Saakes, S.J. Metz, G.J. Harmsen, Reverse electrodialysis Performance of a stack with 50 cells on the mixing of sea and river water, Journal of Membrane Science 2009, 327, 136-144. 

J.W. Post, H.V.M. Hamelers, C.J.N. Buisman, Energy recovery from controlled mixing salt and fresh water with a reverse electrodialysis system. Environmental Science Technology 2008, 42, 5785-5790. 

A new application area for membranes is energy production. Reverse electrodialysis and pressure retarded osmosis could provide significant quantities of energy from the mixing of fresh water with seawater or mixing the concentrated brine effluent of desalination plants with seawater. However, these applications will require significant reduction in membrane and module costs. 

Since the understanding and analysis of the mechanical-electrical energy-conversion process using nanofluidics is much more developed than that of the reverse electrodialysis, this entry focuses on introduction of key research achievements of the former one as follows. 

Kim DK, Duan CH, Chen YF, Majumdar A (2010) Power generation from concentration gradient by reverse electrodialysis in ion-selective nanochannels. Microfluid Nanofluid 9 1215-1224... 

This is a second interesting technology proposed to exploit salinity gradient for direct electric power generation. As for the PRO technology, the reverse electrodialysis (RED) concept has been proved by experimental laboratory-scale plants to be capable of generating a net power output. A detailed description of this technology is presented in this section. 

Post, J.W., Veerman, J., Hamelers, H.V.M. et al. (2007) Salinity-gradient power evaluation of pressure-retarded osmosis and reverse electrodialysis. Journal of Membrane Science, 288,218-230. 

Veerman, J., Saakes, M., Metz, S.J. and Harmsen, G.J. (2010) Electrical power from sea and river water by reverse electrodialysis a first step from the laboratory to a real power plant. Environmental Science and Technology, 44 (23), 9207-9212. 

Veerman, J., de Jong, R.M., Saakes, M. et al. (2009) Reverse electrodialysis comparison of six commercial membrane pairs on the thermodynamic efficiency and power density. Journal of Membrane Science, 343 (1-2), 7-15. 

On a final note, this chapter has been about separating things, but the reverse process, the controlled mixing of streams, is being considered as a means to take advantage of Mother Nature s tendency to mix things up. For example, both pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) and reverse electrodialysis (PJiD) use permselective membranes to recover... 

Vermaas DA, Veerman J, Yip NY, EUmelech M, Saakes M, Nijmeijer K. Eligh efficiency in energy generation from salinity gradients with reverse electrodialysis. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2013 l(10) 1295-302. 

Kim Y, Logan BE (2011) Hydrogen production from inexhaustible supplies of fresh and salt water using microbial reverse-electrodialysis electrolysis cells. P Natl Acad Sci USA 108(39) 16176-16181... 

Muhists flash distillation Reverse Electrodialysis osmosis... 

Reverse electrodialysis is a method of extracting electrical energy directly from the flow of a fresh water river into the sea (salt water). Ion-exchange membranes are used to separate the flow of fresh and salt water. Draw a diagram of the system and explain how it works. See Fig. 1.16 in Chap. 1 or Fig. 15.7 in Chap. 15. 

Various methods from evaporation to distillation and chemical treatment may be employed for producing fresh water from sea water and other salty water sources. The different types of technology anployed include multi-stage flash distillation, thermo-compression distillation, reverse osmosis and reverse electrodialysis. 

Water desalination by the reverse electrodialysis process is less commonly employed than reverse osmosis. It typically uses two types of ion exchange membrane, one allowing only the passage of negatively charged ions (anions), and the other only allows the passage of positive ions (cations). Electrodialysis was (and is) a laboratory process, used to remove salts from certain colloidal solutions, but the development of membranes with selective permeability in relation to anions and cations has totally reactivated the process. 

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